/ɪz/   When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing = noisy’ sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing = noisy’ sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /ɪz/.

-misses    /ˈmɪsɪz/            

-passes    /ˈpɑːsɪz/           

-promises /ˈprɒmɪsɪz/     

-relaxes       /rɪˈlæksɪz/
/z/
-amuses      /əˈmjuːzɪz/

-chooses   /ˈtʃuːzɪz/        

-closes      /ˈkləʊzɪz/     

-loses       /ˈluːzɪz/           

-rises         /ˈraɪzɪz/         

-surprises  /sə'praɪzɪz/

-uses /juːzɪz/
/ʃ/
-finishes   /ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/           

-punishes /ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/        

-washes   /ˈwɒʃɪz/            

-wishes    /ˈwɪʃɪz/

-vanishes /ˈvænɪʃɪz/

-garages         /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/ 

-massages      /ˈmæsɑːʒɪz/  

/tʃ/

-catches    /ˈkætʃɪz/          

-reaches            /ˈriːtʃɪz/

-teaches    /ˈtiːtʃɪz/
/dʒ/

-changes     /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/     

-judges       /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/      

 

Hissing (noisy) sounds: /sss..., zzz..., ʃʃʃ..., ʒʒʒ.../

‘PRIMARY (MAIN)’ & ‘SECONDARY’ STRESS

SECONDARY STRESS FIRST, PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS SECOND
STRESS on the FIRST SYLLABLE	STRESS on the SECOND SYLLABLE
thirty  /ˈθɜːti/	thirteen   /ˌθɜːˈtiːn/
forty    /ˈfɔːti/	fourteen  /ˌfɔːˈtiːn/
fifty   /ˈfɪfti/	fifteen  /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/
sixty   /ˈsɪksti/	sixteen  /ˌsɪksˈtiːn/
seventy /ˈsevnti/	seventeen /ˌsevnˈtiːn/
eighty  /ˈeɪti/	eighteen  /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
ninety  /ˈnaɪnti/	nineteen /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/

*Primary (main) stress: /ˈ/

*Secondary stress: /ˌ/
PAST SIMPLE –D and –ED ENDINGS

-ED ADJECTIVES

-coughed    /kɒft/

-cuffed        /kʌft/

-laughed    /lɑːft/

-muffed      /mʌft/

-sniffed       /snɪft/

-backed /bækt/

-booked /bʊkt/

-cooked        /kʊkt/

-packed       /pækt/

-shocked     /ʃɒkt/

-talked         /tɔːkt/

-walked       /wɔːkt/

-worked       /wɜːkt/
VOICELESS /p/
-developed  /dɪˈveləpt/

-dropped     /drɒpt/

-helped       /helpt/

-hoped         /həʊpt/

-stopped     /stɒpt/

VOICELESS /s/
-depressed   /dɪˈprest/

-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/

-kissed      /kɪst/

-missed       /mɪst/

-passed        /pɑːst/

-promised   /ˈprɒmɪst/

-punished  /ˈpʌnɪʃt/

-washed    /wɒʃt/

-wished       /wɪʃt/

-watched   /wɒtʃt/

-described   /dɪˈskraɪbd/

-disturbed  /dɪˈstɜːbd/

-robbed      /rɒbd/

-arranged    /əˈreɪndʒd/

-changed      /tʃeɪndʒd/

-engaged /ɪn'geɪdʒd/

-enlarged /ɪn'lɑːdʒd/

-judged       /dʒʌdʒd/

-breathed  /briːðd/ /briːd/

-loathed     /ləʊðd/ /ləʊd/
VOICED /g/
-begged /begd/

-hugged     /hʌgd/

-massaged    /ˈmæsɑːʒd/

-sabotaged  /ˈsæbətɑːʒd/

VOICED /l/
-boiled        /bɔɪld/

-killed        /kɪld/

-sailed         /seɪld/

-travelled   /ˈtrævld/

-climbed      /klaɪmd/

-dreamed     /driːmd/

-performed  /pəˈfɔːmd/

-frightened  /ˈfraɪtnd/

-happened  /ˈhæpənd/

-learned      /lɜːnd/

-listened     /ˈlɪsnd/

-phoned   /fəʊnd/

-returned    /rɪˈtɜːnd/

-turned       /tɜːnd/

-warned      /wɔːnd/

 

VOICED /ŋ/

-covered     /ˈkʌvə^rd/

-entered      /ˈentə^rd/

-offered      /ˈɒfə^rd/

-tired          /ˈtaɪə^rd/

VOICED /v/

-dived         /daɪvd/

-loved         /lʌvd/

-proved      /pruːvd/

-solved        /sɒlvd/

  VOICED /z/

-closed      /ˈkləʊzd/     

-organised   /ˈɔːgənaɪzd/

-surprised    /səˈpraɪzd/

-used /juːzd/
/VOWELS/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we pronounce –d / ed ending /d/.

-applied            /əˈplaɪd/

-chewed            /tʃuːd/

-destroyed           /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

-died                   /daɪd/

-employed          /ɪmˈplɔɪd/

-enjoyed             /ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/

-hurried /ˈhʌrid/

-lied                     /laɪd/

-rescued            /ˈreskjuːd/

-showed              /ʃəʊd/  

-snowed              /snəʊd/ 

-stayed              /steɪd/

-studied /ˈstʌdid/

-tied                    /taɪd/

-worried            /ˈwʌrid/

          /t/

-excited         /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/     

-painted        /ˈpeɪntɪd/    

-started         /ˈstɑːtɪd/   

-visited         /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/      

-waited         /ˈweɪtɪd/       

-wanted        /ˈwɒntɪd/      

                   /d/

-divided        /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/  

-mended       /ˈmendɪd/   

-needed        /ˈniːdɪd/       

-provided      /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

-banks /bæŋks/

-books       /bʊks/

-desks       /desks/ /des/

-forks         /fɔːks/

-lakes      /leɪks/

-parks        /pɑːks/

-socks        /sɒks/

-talks         /tɔːks/

-walks       /wɔːks/

-weeks       /wiːks/

 

VOICELESS /f/

-handkerchiefs    /ˈhæŋkətʃɪfs/

-cups      /kʌps/

-groups  /gruːps/

-hopes    /həʊps/

-maps     /mæps/

-shops    /ʃɒps/

-tips        /tɪps/

-tops      /tɒps/

VOICELESS /t/

-cats           /kæts/

-forests    /ˈfɒrɪsts/ /ˈfɒrɪs/

-hats           /hæts/

-jackets      /ˈdʒækɪts/

-lights         /laɪts/

-minutes  /ˈmɪnɪts/

-notes      /nəʊts/

-parents   /ˈpeərənts/

-plates        /pleɪts/

-shirts         /ʃɜːts/

-skirts         /skɜːts/

-streets    /striːts/

-students    /ˈstjuːdnts/

-tourists   /ˈtʊərɪsts/ /ˈtɔːrɪs/

-months     /mʌnθs/       

-mouths         /maʊθs/


NOTE:
SONORANTS

NASAL SOUNDS	m	n	ŋ
LIQUID SOUNDS	l	r
GLIDE SOUNDS	w	y

/z/
When the final sound of the singular noun is another voiced consonant sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.

-jobs          /dʒɒbz/

-pubs         /pʌbz/

-tubes        /tjuːbz/

-verbs        /vɜːbz/

 

VOICED /d/

-cards        /kɑːdz/

-friends     /frendz/ /frenz/

-hands       /hændz/ /hænz/

-husbands  /ˈhʌzbəndz/ /ˈhʌzbənz/

-words       /wɜːdz/

    VOICED /g/

-dogs         /dɒgz/

-drugs       /drʌgz/

-eggs         /egz/

-legs          /legz/

-rugs          /rʌgz/

-apples     /ˈæplz/

-bowls     /bəʊlz/

-example /ɪgˈzɑːmplz/

-goals      /gəʊlz/

-meals       /miːlz/

-nails         /neɪlz/

-pencils  /ˈpenslz/

-rules        /ruːlz/

-sandals   /ˈsændlz/

-skills        /skɪlz/

-tables       /ˈteɪblz/

-exams        /ɪgˈzæmz/

-farms         /fɑːmz/

-firms          /fɜːmz/

-homes        /həʊmz/

-names        /neɪmz/

-problems  /ˈprɒbləmz/

-programmes /ˈprəʊgræmz/

-rooms        /ruːmz/ /rʊmz/
VOICED /n/
-actions    /ˈækʃnz/

-bones      /bəʊnz/

-guns        /gʌnz/

-lessons      /ˈlesnz/

-onions    /ˈʌnjənz/

-opinions /əˈpɪnjənz/

-plans      /plænz/

-questions  /ˈkwestʃənz/

-reasons     /ˈriːznz/

-spoons    /spuːnz/

-stones       /stəʊnz/
VOICED /ŋ/

-buildings  /ˈbɪldɪŋz/

-feelings  /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

-rings        /rɪŋz/

-songs       /sɒŋz/

-things    /thɪŋz/

-chairs      /tʃeə^rz/

-colours   /ˈkʌlə^rz/

-doors         /dɔː^rz/

-letters        /ˈletə^rz/

-numbers    /ˈnʌmbə^rz/

-papers       /ˈpeɪpə^rz/

-partners   /ˈpɑːtnə^rz/

-pears       /peə^rz/

-sisters        /ˈsɪstə^rz/

-stairs      /steə^rz/

-strangers /ˈstreɪndʒə^rz/

-summers    /ˈsʌmə^rz/

-teachers    /ˈtiːtʃə^rz/

-years      /jɪə^rz/ /jɜː^rz/

 

VOICED /v/

-knives        /naɪvz/

-lives        /laɪvz/

-negatives  /ˈnegətɪvz/

-olives        /ɒlɪvz/

-positives    /ˈpɒzətɪvz/

-scarves     /skɑːvz/

-shelves      /ʃelvz/

-wives         /waɪvz/

-wolves       /wʊlvz/

-cinemas       /ˈsɪnəməz/  

-cows              /kaʊz/

-duties           /ˈdjuːtiz/  

-keys               /kiːz/

-lies                /laɪz/

-monkeys    /ˈmʌŋkiz/

-nephews      /ˈnefjuːz/ /ˈnevjuːz/

-news             /njuːz/   

-paws            /pɔːz/

-shows             /ʃəʊz/

-Sundays          /ˈsʌndeɪz/ /ˈsʌndiz/   

-ties                 /taɪz/

-toes                /təʊz/

-toys                 /tɔɪz/

-views            /vjuːz/

-ways               /weɪz/

-zoos              /zuːz/

-studies /ˈstʌdiz/
/ɪz/
When the final sound of the singular noun is one of the ‘hissing=noisy’ sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s/es ending /ɪz/.
/s/

-boxes         /ˈbɒksɪz/        

-choices     /ˈtʃɔɪsɪz/       

-classes      /ˈklɑːsɪz/         

-courses     /ˈkɔːsɪz/       

-differences   /ˈdɪfrənsɪz/  

-glasses       /ˈglɑːsɪz/        

-illnesses   /ˈɪlnəsɪz/        

-nieces    /ˈniːsɪz/       

-nurses       /ˈnɜːsɪz/       

-offices        /ˈɒfɪsɪz/          

-places         /ˈpleısɪz/

 

/z/

-houses      /ˈhaʊzɪz/         

-noses        /ˈnəʊzɪz/         

-roses         /ˈrəʊzɪz/
/ʃ/

-brushes      /ˈbrʌʃɪz/              

-crashes     /ˈkræʃɪz/     

-dishes        /ˈdɪʃɪz/             

-wishes        /ˈwɪʃɪz/             

-garages      /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/        

-beaches      /ˈbiːtʃɪz/     

-researches   /rɪˈsɜːtʃɪz/  

-sandwiches /ˈsænwɪtʃɪz/

-watches       /ˈwɒtʃɪz/       

-bridges          /ˈbrɪdʒɪz/            

-damages       /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/        

-languages     /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒɪz/     

-oranges          /ˈɒrɪndʒɪz/          

-sausages       /ˈsɒsɪdʒɪz/           

-stages             /ˈsteɪdʒɪz/