Sps supplement Rough Draft-endi2011 Alpharetta 2011 / Boyce, Doshi, Hermansen, Ma, Pirani
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- U.S. aerospace leadership on the brink- Russia and China prove Waller 1
- Our space leadership is at an all-time low – other countries are getting their game on Kaufman, 08
- the nations superiority is diminishing
Leadership UniquenessUS is falling behind in aerospace leadership Kaufman, 08 (Mark, “US Finds It’s Getting Crowded Out There: Dominance in Space Slips as Other Nations Step Up Efforts”, Washington Post, 7/9, http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/challenges/competitors/2008/0709space.htm) Herm Although the United States remains dominant in most space-related fields -- and owns half the military satellites currently orbiting Earth -- experts say the nation's superiority is diminishing, and many other nations are expanding their civilian and commercial space capabilities at a far faster pace. "We spent many tens of billions of dollars during the Apollo era to purchase a commanding lead in space over all nations on Earth," said NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin, who said his agency's budget is down by 20 percent in inflation-adjusted terms since 1992. "We've been living off the fruit of that purchase for 40 years and have not . . . chosen to invest at a level that would preserve that commanding lead." In a recent in-depth study of international space competitiveness, the technology consulting firm Futron of Bethesda found that the globalizing of space is unfolding more broadly and quickly than most Americans realize. "Systemic and competitive forces threaten U.S. space leadership," company president Joseph Fuller Jr. concluded. U.S. aerospace leadership on the brink- Russia and China prove Waller 1, (J. Michael, “Militarizing Space” Insight on the News, Vol. 17, 3-19-01) // CCH Russia is ahead of the United States on meeting the new challenge. On Jan. 25, the Kremlin created a new military service for space warfare. It did so by splitting the Strategic Rocket Forces, Russia's military service in charge of intercontinental ballistic missiles, pulling out its two main components responsible for military space activity: the Space Missile Force and the Rocket and Space Defense Forces. The former is in charge of Russian-military satellite programs, while the latter administers the space-based components of Moscow's early-warning system. The new service will assume the name of one of its components, the Space Missile Force. Less than three weeks later, on Feb. 13, a Chinese state-run information agency published a statement advocating preparation for space warfare. Official government propaganda warning of a "dangerous arms race in space" has been increasing in frequency and pitch in recent months, made more shrill by January war games at the U.S. Space Warfare Center in Colorado, which reportedly envisioned a conflict with China in the year 2017. Russia's ongoing economic crisis has curtailed the advanced military-space programs it inherited from the Soviet Union, but the Center for Security Policy roundtable on space power found that Moscow "remains among the world's most advanced and comprehensive counterspace capabilities, including the doctrine for its employment. They [the Russians] understand the idea." The People's Republic of China is aggressively pursuing a military space program and is acutely aware of the importance of space dominance. Beijing "could emerge over the next 15 years as a leading threat to U.S. space operations" according to a Center for Security Policy paper on threats to U.S. space access. "China is making an enormous investment in space-launch vehicles, satellites and manned space systems" the policy paper asserts. "Chinese military theorists have written a great deal about the U.S. use of space during the Gulf War, and China's air-force academy recently increased the number of courses offered in space war theory.... China understands space power and is rapidly developing both the infrastructure and wherewithal to challenge America's current space-information dominance." Beijing is building a global ground-based space-tracking network, with new facilities in its sphere of influence and on the island of Tarawa in the South Pacific and in Namibia, as well as aboard China's growing naval fleet and its massive merchant marine. One of China's newest space weapons is a microsatellite, which Beijing calls a "parasite satellite" designed to attach itself to target satellites like a limpet and to damage or disable the target satellite on command. The United States has deployed no defenses against them. While the Russians, Chinese and others have forged ahead with space-based weapons, the Clinton/Gore administration deliberately sought to deny the United States access to that high military frontier. Clinton line-item vetoed congressionally mandated funding for the military space plane, a low-cost craft that could launch and reach anywhere on the planet in 45 minutes or less; for the KE-ASAT; and for the Clementine, a lunar-exploration probe that doubled as a component of a missile-defense system. China gets the bulk of its technology from Russia -- and its financing from the West. `An emerging dimension of China's ability to militarize space and challenge our assets there is that of finance or the funding side," says Roger Robinson, a key National Security Council official in the Reagan administration who is chairman of the William J. Casey Institute at the Center for Security Policy. "We have been looking at China in this regard -- that is, the national-security dimensions of their use of our capital markets and our bond markets over the past four years, in what we call a capital-markets transparency initiative, and have come up with some troubling findings. There are firms, state-owned firms, in particular, that are very close to the Chinese PLA [People's Liberation Army], as well as their military-intelligence capability, that are attracting hundreds of millions of dollars in our markets" (see "China Cashes In" Feb. 24, 2000). Our space leadership is at an all-time low – other countries are getting their game on Kaufman, 08 (Mark, “US Finds It’s Getting Crowded Out There: Dominance in Space Slips as Other Nations Step Up Efforts”, Washington Post, 7/9, http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/challenges/competitors/2008/0709space.htm) Although the United States remains dominant in most space-related fields -- and owns half the military satellites currently orbiting Earth -- experts say the nation's superiority is diminishing, and many other nations are expanding their civilian and commercial space capabilities at a far faster pace. "We spent many tens of billions of dollars during the Apollo era to purchase a commanding lead in space over all nations on Earth," said NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin, who said his agency's budget is down by 20 percent in inflation-adjusted terms since 1992. "We've been living off the fruit of that purchase for 40 years and have not . . . chosen to invest at a level that would preserve that commanding lead." In a recent in-depth study of international space competitiveness, the technology consulting firm Futron of Bethesda found that the globalizing of space is unfolding more broadly and quickly than most Americans realize. "Systemic and competitive forces threaten U.S. space leadership," company president Joseph Fuller Jr. concluded. Six separate nations and the European Space Agency are now capable of sending sophisticated satellites and spacecraft into orbit -- and more are on the way. New rockets, satellites and spacecraft are being planned to carry Chinese, Russian, European and Indian astronauts to the moon, to turn Israel into a center for launching minuscule "nanosatellites," and to allow Japan and the Europeans to explore the solar system and beyond with unmanned probes as sophisticated as NASA's. While the United States has been making incremental progress in space, its global rivals have been taking the giant steps that once defined NASA: . Following China's lead, India has announced ambitious plans for a manned space program, and in November the European Union will probably approve a proposal to collaborate on a manned space effort with Russia. Russia will soon launch rockets from a base in South America under an agreement with the European company Arianespace, whose main launch facility is in Kourou, French Guiana. . Japan and China both have satellites circling the moon, and India and Russia are also working on lunar orbiters. NASA will launch a lunar reconnaissance mission this year, but many analysts believe the Chinese will be the first to return astronauts to the moon. The United States is largely out of the business of launching satellites for other nations, something the Russians, Indians, Chinese and Arianespace do regularly. Their clients include Nigeria, Singapore, Brazil, Israel and others. The 17-nation European Space Agency (ESA) and China are also cooperating on commercial ventures, including a rival to the U.S. space-based Global Positioning System. . South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil have plans to quickly develop their space programs and possibly become low-cost satellite launchers. South Korea and Brazil are both developing homegrown rocket and satellite-making capacities. This explosion in international space capabilities is recent, largely taking place since the turn of the century. While the origins of Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Israeli and European space efforts go back several decades, their capability to pull off highly technical feats -- sending humans into orbit, circling Mars and the moon with unmanned spacecraft, landing on an asteroid and visiting a comet -- are all new developments. 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