Tampa Prep 2009-2010 Impact Defense File
AT: Child Abuse 1. There are numerous reasons for child abuse- can’t solve them all
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- 2. Substance Abuse Accounts for 70 percent of child neglect cases.
- AT: China Agression
AT: Child Abuse1. There are numerous reasons for child abuse- can’t solve them all.Lesa Bethea. March 15, 1999. (Clinical assistant professor of family medicine in the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. “Primary Prevention of Child Abuse” The American Family Physician. http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1577.html. KK)Child abuse is 15 times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers.10 No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban settings. Personal Factors Parents who were abused as children are more likely than other parents to abuse their own children. However, the retrospective methodology of research in this area has been criticized.8 Lack of parenting skills, unrealistic expectations about a child's capabilities, ignorance of ways to manage a child's behavior and of normal child development may further contribute to child abuse.8,18 It is estimated that 40 percent of confirmed cases of child abuse are related to substance abuse.19 It is also estimated that 11 percent of pregnant women are substance abusers, and that 300,000 infants are born each year to mothers who abuse crack cocaine.20 Domestic violence also increases the risk of child abuse.21 Other factors that increase the risk of child abuse include emotional immaturity of the parents, which is often highly correlated to actual age (as in the case of teenage parents),22 poor coping skills, often related to age but also occurring in older parents,8,15,22 poor self-esteem and other psychologic problems experienced by either one or both parents,8,15 single parenthood and the many burdens and hardships of parenting that must be borne without the help of a partner,8 social isolation of the parent or parents from family and friends and the resulting lack of support that their absence implies,8,23 any situation involving a handicapped child or one that is born prematurely or at a low birth weight, any situation where a sibling younger than 18 months of age is already present in the home,8,24 any situation in which the child is the result of an unwanted pregnancy or a pregnancy that the mother denies,25-27 any situation where one sibling has been reported to child protective services for suspected abuse28 and, finally, the general inherent stress of parenting which, when combined with the pressure of any one or a combination of the factors previously mentioned, may exacerbate any difficult situtation8,15,16 (Figure 1). 2. Substance Abuse Accounts for 70 percent of child neglect cases.Child Welfare Information Gateway. 2009. (A service of the Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “Acts of Omission: Child Neglect” http://www.enotalone.com/article/9911.html. KK)Some CPS agencies estimate that substance abuse is a factor in as many as 70 percent of all the child neglect cases they serve. But what is the connection between substance abuse and neglect, specifically? A number of researchers have explored the relationship between parental substance abuse and child neglect. They have found that substance abusing parents may divert money that is needed for basic necessities to buy drugs and alcohol. Parental substance abuse may interfere with the ability to maintain employment, further limiting the family's resources. The substance abusing behaviors may expose the children to criminal behaviors and dangerous people. Substance abusing parents may be emotionally or physically unavailable and not able to properly supervise their children, risking accidental injuries. Children living with substance abusing parents are more likely to become intoxicated themselves, either deliberately, by passive inhalation, or by accidental ingestion. Heavy parental drug use can interfere with a parent's ability to provide the consistent nurturing and caregiving that promotes children's development and self-esteem. According to Magura and Laudet, "Substance abuse has deleterious effects on virtually every aspect of one's life and gravely interferes with the ability to parent adequately". AT: China AgressionEven if China was aggressive, the impact is mitigated --- only wants to tweak and anything else would take too long Jones, 07 – foreign affairs at University of St. Andrew (“China’s Rise and American Hegemony: Towards a Peaceful Co-Existence?” E-International Relations, 2007, http://www.e-ir.info/?p=149) However, the degree to which a state attempts to change the status quo can vary. Thus, China does not currently demonstrate a fundamental revolutionary wish to overthrow the entire international system, but rather a minor tweaking. Indeed, China’s rise has come by playing by Western capitalist rules. Therefore, this essay cautions against sensationalism. In the regional sphere, China now appears unimpeded by either Japan or Russia for the first time in two centuries, and thus is beginning to project its influence in the region. Cooperation on North Korea illustrates that the United States is willing to collaborate with China to reach its regional security goals. Additionally, China has also used liberal institutionalism to increase political power and further engage with the region. The recent October 2006 ASEAN-China Commemorative Summit sought to deepen political, security and economic ties, and concluded that the strategic partnership had ‘boosted…development and brought tangible benefits to their peoples, [and] also contributed significantly to peace, stability and prosperity in the region.’ China’s gradual, natural progression of influence should not be feared. Alluding to soft power, liberal theorist Joseph Nye illustrates China’s slow shift by contending that ‘it will take much longer before [China] can make an impact close to what the U.S. enjoys now.’ No Chinese Aggression --- ASEAN checks Weissmann, 09 --- senior fellow at the Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies (Mikael Weissmann, “Understanding the East Asian Peace: Some Findings on the Role of Informal Processes,” Nordic Asia Research Community, November 2, 2009, http://barha.asiaportal.info/blogs/in-focus/2009/november/understanding-east-asian-peace-some-findings-role-informal-processes-mi) It has been important for ASEAN’s attempt to socialise China into becoming a responsible big power in the regional community, in order to ensure that the Chinese interests would gradually become integrated with the interests of East Asia as a whole. Over time, China has re-interpreted its role and interests as a rising power and has engaged in the ASEAN+3 process and embraced multilateralism and the ASEAN Way. This has been a reciprocal process between China’s ‘soft power diplomacy’ and ASEAN’s ‘constructive engagement’ policies. It is difficult to say what has caused what, i.e., to what extent China has been socialised by ASEAN to accept current practices and to become what seems to be a more benign power, and to what extent the Chinese policies have influenced ASEAN’s increased acceptance of China as a partner and a (relatively) benign, peacefully rising power. It is most likely that it is not an either–or question, but a transformation where there have been synergy effects between ‘soft-power diplomacy’ and “constructive engagement”. Regionalisation has also ensured that China (and others) adheres to an ‘economic first’ foreign policy focus, and that the overall peaceful relations in East Asia have developed and have been institutionalised. Although multilateralism and institutionalisation have only been identified in the South China Sea and Sino–ASEAN relations, they still have a spill over effect on Chinese behaviour in other conflicts. If China would behave badly in one case, it would risk losing its laboriously built trust towards ASEAN. Directory: files -> documents documents -> North Mankato Taylor Library documents -> In the Red and Brown Water documents -> - documents -> I. Disaster Summary Sheet II. 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