The Emerging Electrical Markets for Copper
Market Forecasts by Sector
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Market Forecasts by SectorCurrent Industry Status It is agreed at government level that CCS is an essential technology for reducing CO2 emissions. The G8 nations have the stated objective is to launch 20 large-scale CCS demonstration projects by 2010, with a view to beginning broad deployment of CCS by 2020. In its recent report entitled “Strategic Analysis of the Global Status of Carbon Capture and Storage”, the Global CCS Institute carried out a comprehensive review of the current status of CCS projects in place and planned. It identified 275 projects, of which 247 were operational, completed or planned to go ahead. The Institute found that, for capture, post combustion capture (PPC) was favoured, with 48% of the projects, but there was active development across the technology range. While there are a large number of CCS projects in total, there are only 62 integrated, commercial scale projects. Europe is active in such larger scale development, with 23 active or planned commercial scale projects. The relatively strong presence of Europe can be largely attributed to the 2007 commitment by the EU to construct 10 to 12 full-scale CCS demonstration plants by 2015. Offshore storage is being considered for European CCS, although this is found to be an expensive option, both in transport and storage itself. The United States falls a little way behind Europe, with 15 active or planned, commercial scale, integrated CCS projects. Three of these are currently operating, namely Val Verde, Salt Creek EOR and Rangely EOR projects. Australia has 7 projects, mostly at an early stage, while Canada has 6, including Weyburn EOR, operational since 2000. Of the 62 projects defined as integrated, 30 are dependent projects. These do not have all of the three elements of capture, transport and distributed, but are integrated insofar as they are linked within a chain including all three. Of the dependent projects 18 are capture only, 2 transport only, 6 storage only, the rest being combinations between the elements. From the 32 fully integrated projects, most (23) are linked to power stations. Most of the remainder are linked to the oil and gas industry through gas processing (5) or oil refining (2). For the 62 full and partially integrated projects, geological storage is the most common option, accounting for 39 of the projects (where specified). Most of the remainder plan re-use of the captured CO2 in EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery). These are all located in Canada, the United States and UAE. Industry Prospects Clearly, to become a major contributor to CO2 abatement, there will have to a rapid escalation in the number of CCS projects planned. For now, there is quite a high chance of failure of projects currently on the drawing board. Figure 89: Global CCS Institute Asset Lifecycle Model 
Figure 90: Asset Life Cycle stage of Integrated CCS Projects 
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