The United States federal government should pursue a defensive space control strategy that emphasizes satellite hardening, replacement, redundancy and situational awareness
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***INHERENCY***Extend - Inherency[ ] Plan won’t pass now – Congress and State Department are oblivious to the threat Kyl 2007 – US senator and Attorney. [Jon Kyl. Published on February 1, 2007. Delivered on January 29, 2007. China's Anti-Satellite Weapons and American National Security. The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/Chinas-Anti-Satellite-Weapons-and-American-National-Security. Accessed June 21] It is especially troubling that key policymakers seem oblivious to the nature and the urgency of this threat. My colleague Joe Biden, chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, said of the Chinese test: "I don't think we should be overly worried about this at this point. We have ways to deal with that ability."[4] As an eight-year member of the Senate Intelligence Committee, I can tell you that this is not a responsible or an accurate statement. Moreover, capabilities that might help defend against missile-launched ASATs, such as boost-phase missile defense based in space, are always opposed vigorously by Senator Biden and a majority of his Democratic colleagues. Perhaps even more troubling, our own State Department seems to be missing the point. A department spokesperson, Tom Casey, said last Friday: "We know the Chinese conducted this test. We certainly want to hear from them in a more detailed way exactly what their intentions are.... We don't want to see a situation where there is any militarization of space."[5] I think it's worth parsing this statement in some depth to show the level of confusion in our government. [ ] The US doesn’t have a coherent Space militarization plan yet Lambakis 2007, Senior Analyst for the National Institute for Public Policy [Steven Lambakis. and Managing Editor, Comparative Strategy “Missile Defense from Space: A More Effective Shield.” Policy Review no. 141. February 1, 2007. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6124. Accessed June 22, 2011.] But the country lacks a unified, coherent approach to expanding the use of space to improve combat effectiveness, a problem that is compounded by a politically charged debate over weapons in space.1 Critics contend that weapons in space would destabilize existing security relationships, precipitate an arms race, undermine U.S. foreign policy, and seed anti-American coalitions. Not only are such criticisms based on questionable assumptions,2 but they also have not persuaded the country to forgo the advantages of space weapons. The most one could say at this stage is that the American people are indifferent, noncommittal, and confused. ***ASAT ARMS RACE***Space Race Inevitable - Capabilities[ ] Space arms race inevitable, all countries developing weapons Sands, 2008 [By David R. Sands, The Washington Times June 25;China, India hasten arms race in space, Lexis, Access Date: June 21 China, India hasten arms race in space; U.S. dominance challenged] On the planet's final frontier, more and more countries are beefing up their border guards. India became the latest country to boost its defense presence in space, announcing last week plans to develop a military space program to counter the fast-growing space defense efforts of neighboring China. India, which has an extensive civilian space satellite program, must "optimize space applications for military purposes," army Chief of Staff Gen. Deepak Kapoor said at a defense conference in New Delhi. "The Chinese space program is expanding at an exponentially rapid pace in both offensive and defensive content." Last month, Japanese lawmakers passed a bill ending a decades-old ban on the use of the country's space programs for defense, although officials in Tokyo insist that the country has no plans to develop a military program in space. French President Nicolas Sarkozy, in the first major review of France's defense and security policy in more than a decade, has proposed nearly doubling spending for space intelligence assets, including spy satellites, to more than $1 billion annually. "I don't think what you are seeing is coincidental," said Wade Boese, a researcher at the Washington-based Arms Control Association. "Countries are increasingly aware of the potential for military development in space, and increasingly aware that other countries are moving ahead." The issue of an arms race in space took on new prominence in January 2007, when China stunned Western military analysts by using a medium-range ballistic missile to shoot down a defunct weather satellite. Pentagon planners said two orbiting U.S. spacecrafts were forced to change course to avoid being hit by the thousands of pieces of space debris caused by the surprise test. China insists the exercise was not conducted for military reasons. "We are against weaponization or an arms race in space," Zhou Wenzhong, China's ambassador to the United States, said in an interview at The Washington Times earlier this month. "This was a scientific experiment." But in what many around the world saw as at least in part a return salvo to the Chinese action, the U.S. Navy in February shot down a wayward U.S. spy satellite over the Pacific, arguing that the action was needed to prevent the craft from crashing to Earth and spreading potentially toxic fuel. India, which competes for influence with China even as trade relations between the two Asian giants have blossomed, made no effort to hide its concerns about Beijing's plans for space. "With time we will get sucked into a military race to protect our space assets and inevitably there will be a military contest in space," Lt. Gen. H.S. Lidder, one of India's most senior officers, said last week in comments reported by the Indian Express newspaper and confirmed by the country's defense ministry. "In a life-and-death scenario, space will provide the advantage," Gen. Lidder said. Although the United States holds a vast technological and spending edge in space defense programs, the military's reliance on satellites and space-based assets exposes the United States more than any other country to military threats in space. Nancy Gallagher and John D. Steinbruner, researchers at the University of Maryland's Center for International Studies, argue in a study that the Pentagon cannot hope to dominate space through technological and material superiority. The United States will not be able to "outspend and out-innovate all potential rivals in space," the two argue in a "white paper" just published by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Aides to Sen. Barack Obama, Illinois Democrat, and Sen. John McCain, Arizona Republican, are staking out markedly different stands on the space arms race as the presidential campaign heats up. "We don't need more battlegrounds," Steve Robinson, an Obama campaign adviser, said in a debate at the National Space Society's annual meeting in May in Washington. "The idea of militarization of space is not something that Senator Obama is in favor of, and cooperation is better than confrontation." Floyd DesChamps, a Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee staffer representing Mr. McCain, said the senator from Arizona recognizes the need to defend U.S. space assets from hostile attack. "The reality is that we have to protect those assets," he said. [ ] Space arms race now – many nations obtaining military satellites, low costs, and blurring with civilian assets Jakhu 2010 - Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University (Dr. Ram , with Cesar Jaramillo Managing Editor, Project Ploughshares, Phillip Baines (Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada),), John Seibert (Project Ploughshares), Dr. Jennifer Simmons (The Simmons Foundation), Dr. Ray Williamson (Secure World Foundation). “Space Security 2010.” Spacesecurity.org. August 2010. http://www.spacesecurity.org/space.security.2010.reduced.pdf. pp. 119-167. Accessed June 21, 2011. During the Cold War, states allied with either the US or the USSR benefited from their capabilities. Today, declining costs for space access and the proliferation of space technology enable more states to develop and deploy military satellites. Until 1988, when Israel launched its first, only the UK, NATO, and China had joined the US and USSR in launching dedicated military satellites. In 1995 France and Chile both launched military satellites (see Figure 6.7).107 Historically, military satellites outside the US and Russia have been almost exclusively intended for communications and imagery intelligence. Recently, however, states such as China, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Spain have been developing satellites with a wider range of functions. According to a recent report, security has become a key driver of established government space programs, pushing spending higher, and encouraging dual-use applications.108 Indeed, in the absence of dedicated military satellites, many actors use their civilian satellites for military purposes or purchase data and services from satellite operators.o Such activities contribute to the blurring of the divide between military and civilian and commercial space assets and applications. [ ] Space race inevitable - Other countries space capabilities are increasing now UPI 2011 [U.S. wary of China space weapons, 2-8-11 http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/02/08/US-wary-of-China-space-weapons/UPI-36951297196877/, Date accessed: June 26, 2011] Senior Pentagon officials are sounding concern over China's development of weapons designed to shoot down satellites or jam communication signals. U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense for Space Policy Gregory Schulte said China's project was becoming a "matter of concern" for the United States. Space, he told defense and intelligence officials while unveiling a 10-year strategy for security in space, "is no longer the preserves of the United States and the Soviet Union, at the time in which we could operate with impunity." "There are more competitors, more countries that are launching satellites ... and we increasingly have to worry about countries developing counter-space capabilities that can be used against the peaceful use of space." In 2007, China shot an obsolete weather satellite with a ground missile, creating so much space junk that crew members on the International Space Station had to change orbit to avert a collision last year. Schulte said in his remarks that U.S. concerns had prompted U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates to seek to include space in stability talks being pursued with the Chinese. The official said China's capabilities were going beyond shooting at spacecraft. Beijing's counter-space activities include jamming satellite signals. It is also in the process of developing directed energy weapons that emit a disabling burst of energy toward a target rather than firing a projectile at it. Other countries believed to be developing counter-space technology include Iran and Ethiopia. [ ] Space Arms race now – Chinese ASAT tests will cause American Reactions Hitchens 2007 – Director of World Security Institute’s Center for Defense Information [Thersea, U.S.-Sino Relations in Space: From “War of Words” to Cold War in Space?, cs5_chapter2.pdf, Accessed June 21, 2011] Nonetheless, the specter of a U.S.-China space weapons race cannot be ruled out, and certainly the Chinese ASAT test has raised the profile of those who would take the United States down the same path. “I hope the Chinese test will be a wake up call to people,” said Hank Cooper, former director of President Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative and chairman of the politically-connected missile defense advocacy group High Frontier. “I’d like to see us begin a serious anti-satellite program. We’ve been leaning on this administration. This argument to prevent weaponization of space is really silly.”28 Sen. John Kyl, R-Ariz., addressing the right-wing Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 29 similarly called for the U.S. resumption of ASAT weapons testing and the development of a space-based arsenal of defensive and offensive counter-space capabilities.29 Perhaps more worrying, Adm. Timothy Keating, commander of U.S. Northern Command, told the Associated Press that “there are a number of things that are on the list of potential military options”30 if China decides to undertake similar follow up tests. [ ] Chinese ASAT tests cause space militarization race - experts prove it opens the floodgates Harnden, 2007 [Toby Harnden and Alex Massie Jan 19; Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in Space Lexis, Access Date: June 21, 2011 ] THE PROSPECT of "star wars'' between China and the West loomed last night after Beijing used a ballistic missile to destroy a satellite in space. The missile, which scored a direct hit on a 4ft wide obsolete Chinese weather satellite 530 miles above the Earth, is thought to have been launched from the Xichang space centre in Sichuan province. It suggests that the Chinese have developed a major new capability that underscores the communist regime's desire to use its military might as well as burgeoning economic power to expand its influence. Gordon Johndroe, a spokesman for the US National Security Council, said yesterday: "The US believes China's development and testing of such weapons is inconsistent with the spirit of co-operation that both countries aspire to in the civil space area. "We and other countries have expressed our concern regarding this action to the Chinese.'' It is understood that Australia and Canada have also protested to China. Robert Hewson, editor of Air-launched Weapons and China analyst at Jane's Defence, said: "This has huge ramifications. The Bush administration has been held back from space militarisation but the Chinese have just kicked the door down. "Everyone has the capability but China has just stuck it in everyone's face. "The policy of non-militarization of space has been paid lip service for years but this is difficult to ignore. The Chinese have just opened the floodgates.'' Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 1.07 Mb. Share with your friends:
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