Things to add for future Impacts for addons Bio-d / Amazon rainforest impact 1ac Plan
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- --- XT: Only USFG is Constitutional
- The federal government has a constitutional responsibility to act
- Inland waterways can only be developed by the federal government.
- Obama’s executive order puts all US waterways under control of the federal government.
--- XT: Federal Funding KeyThis the area of infrastructure is most reliant on federal fundingCooper, 12 --- Senior Fellow with the Economic Policy Team at the Center for American Progress (February 2012, Donna, “Meeting the Infrastructure Imperative; An Affordable Plan to Put Americans Back to Work Rebuilding Our Nation’s Infrastructure,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/02/pdf/infrastructure.pdf, JMP) Inland waterways: $150 million The Army Corps of Engineers is charged with maintaining our inland waterways and they do so with funds derived from operator fees that are deposited into the Inland Waterways Trust Fund. In FY 2010, $176 million of those funds were allocated for capital improvements. Of all elements of our infrastructure, inland waterways have the greatest reliance on federal general fund revenues to meet operation, maintenance, and capital improvement costs, with 80 percent to 85 percent of all spending on waterways derived from the federal government.89 To cover their share of costs, inland waterway users pay a 20-cent gasoline tax that is deposited into the Inland Waterway Trust Fund. Although Army Corps data show that traffic on the waterways has remained flat in recent years, the Department of Transportation estimates that cargo traffic on inland waterways is likely to grow by 75 percent in the next 28 years.90 To ensure efficient movement of goods on inland waterways, the Army Corps of Engineers estimate that the aging lock system requires approximately $150 million more a year than is currently being spent.91 We recommend that these funds be made available on an annual basis. --- XT: Only USFG is ConstitutionalDredging maintenance is a strictly federal authorityNagle, 3-7-12, Kurt J., President and CEO of the American Association of Port Authorities, “Before The United States House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies Subcommittee,” http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/EWTestimony%20Mar2012%20Final.pdf, KHaze Developing and maintaining federal navigation channels is the most federal of all the Corps’ missions. Predating the nation itself, the Continental Army was tasked by General Washington to clear waterways for navigation. The mission was memorialized in the Commerce Clause of the Constitution (Section 1, Article 8). Maintaining our federal channels to their authorized and required dimensions is a critical part of maximizing the contributions the Corps and seaports make to our national economy. In addition, this is a critical component of the nation’s economic security and competitiveness in world trade. Currently, only two of the nation’s top seaports are dredged to their authorized dimensions, and those two, Los Angeles, California, and Long Beach, California, are naturally deep ports with relatively low rates of sedimentation. Lack of adequate maintenance dredging is a critically unmet need that affects all four coasts. The problem has become acute on the Great Lakes, and on the East and Gulf Coasts. We have been advised by the Corps that the annual tax collection of about $1.5 billion is sufficient to meet those needs. The federal government has a constitutional responsibility to actNagle, 11 --- president and chief executive officer of the American Association of Port Authorities (December 2011, Kurt, Industry Today, “Association: American Association of Port Authorities; Port-Related Infrastructure Investments Can Reap Dividends,” vol. 14, no. 3, http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F370, JMP) The federal government has a unique constitutional responsibility to maintain and improve the infrastructure that enables the flow of commerce, and much of that infrastructure in and around seaports has been neglected – and for too long. Federal surface transportation programs have largely ignored freight mobility and the importance of intermodal connectors that provide the link between the federal highway system and intermodal marine terminals that move goods from land to water. To get our nation’s economy back on track, we must develop a national infrastructure strategy for the future. Washington must finally pass a reauthorized multiyear transportation bill and target federal dollars toward economically strategic freight transportation infrastructure of national and regional significance. Inland waterways can only be developed by the federal government.Haulk, 98 – Ph.d in Economics, Research Director of the Allegheny Institute for Public Policy and former senior business economist with the Federal Reserve (Jake, “Inland Waterways as Vital National Infrastructure: Refuting "Corporate Welfare" Attacks”, http://38.106.4.84/docs/haulk--inland_waterways_as_vital_national_infrastructure.pdf) This report examines and refutes the claims that the barge transportation companies using the nation’s inland navigation system are recipients of "corporate welfare" and that inland water transportation is the most heavily subsidized transport mode. The latest round of questions concerning inland waterway spending stems from attempts by Congress and the Administration to deal with budget problems and efforts to find expenditure reductions through cuts in so-called corporate welfare. The principal results the study are summarized briefly in the following four key findings: Key Findings 1. Navigable inland waterways are a truly unique national resource belonging to the people of the United States. By tradition, law, and judicial ruling, this resource can only be developed and controlled by the federal government, ideally to promote the general welfare of the people. Thus far, the U.S. has done so great success. 2. Attempts to portray government expenditures for construction, operation, and maintenance of the inland waterways as "corporate welfare" for the barge companies are misguided and uninformed. The distinguishing characteristic of corporate welfare is that represents public spending for specific companies or industries and for which the general public receives little or no benefits. In sharp contrast, inland navigation expenditures produce a proven array of transportation and non-transportation benefits including hundreds of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in economic return, as well as lower pollution risk, enhanced flood protection, extensive water supply programs, water recreation opportunities, and a superior public safety record. In total, the public receives $8 in benefits for every $1 the federal government spends on the waterways programs. 3. Claims that barge companies on the inland waterways are the most heavily subsidized transport mode are simply false. The reality is that barge companies do not receive a subsidy. Every penny of government assistance is earmarked for expenditures navigation infrastructure. Moreover, federal expenditures through the Army Corps of Engineers are spent only improvements. 4. Efforts to increase the charge on barge companies for the waterways are illogical. For example, if recovering outlays is the motivation for the charge, that has been accomplished in the form of $4 billion in revenue Treasury stemming from taxes paid by inland navigation-activities. If the desire is to achieve greater efficiency allocation, it must be recognized that there is no pricing mechanism that will deliver better results than those the current system. Obama’s executive order puts all US waterways under control of the federal government.MyOutdoorBuddy.com, 12 (3/30/2012, “Obama uses executive order to take over waterways” http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/fishing_hunting_water_report.php?water=5138) 03/30/12 – With a stroke of his pen President Obama has denied Congress' request to allow more comment on the draft National Ocean Policy Implementation Plan, in effect, gagging the public, bypassing the legislative branch of the U.S. Government and giving control over all U.S. Waterways to the federal government. The Recreational Fishing Alliance told the public today that House Natural Resources Committee Chairman Doc Hastings (R-WA) has received official notice from the Obama Administration denying the Chairman's request for a 90-day extension of the public comment period on the draft of the plan. RFA called yesterday's announcement by the administration the final act by a President who is clouded by his own agenda. "This isn't just about our oceans, but everything connected to our nation's waterways will now be under federal control through this executive order," Jim Donofrio, RFA Executive Director, said. "It's a complete takeover of every lake, river and stream that flows into the Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, along with all the lands within." "President Obama issued an Executive Order imposing a new bureaucracy to zone the oceans that threatens to deter new economic investment, suppress job creation, restrict even recreational fishing, block energy development, and stretch far from the shore to affect farmers and inland communities," Rep. Hastings said in an official release. "Given the high economic stakes, the vast amounts of new red-tape set to be unrolled, and the fact that some 15 agencies spent over two years devising this scheme, it's unreasonable that the Obama Administration won't allow the American people more than just 75 days to review and comment on it," added Chairman Hastings. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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