Things to add for future Impacts for addons Bio-d / Amazon rainforest impact 1ac Plan
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- That devastates the Pennsylvania economy – they won’t increase taxes and would just cut critical programs instead
- Pennsylvania’s economy is important to the nation’s economy – state collapse jeopardizes the U.S. economy
- More evidence – it’s key on a national level
--- Pennsylvania Spending DAPennsylvania would have to spend huge amounts of money due to the counterplan – large numbers of locks and damsUS Army Corps of Engineers 2011 (“Pennsylvania,” 6 July 2011, http://outreach.lrh.usace.army.mil/States/PA/Default.htm, AMukund) The State of Pennsylvania contains portions of three historically important, navigable inland waterways. Pennsylvania encompasses the entire 272 navigable miles of the Allegheny River, the lower 91 miles of the Monongahela River and the first 40 miles of the Ohio River. These waterways have been vital to moving raw materials such as coal and aggregates and finished steel products to and from Pennsylvania. In 2008, almost 42 million tons of commodities (primarily coal, iron/steel and aggregates) moved to, from, and within Pennsylvania. These commodities had a combined value of $3.8 billion. Coal made up approximately 75% of this tonnage. Aggregates and iron/steel comprised 9.5 and 3.8% of the tonnage, respectively. An analysis of the waterborne commerce data for the State of Pennsylvania shows that 11.8 million tons of commodities were shipped on the river system out of the state. Most of this tonnage (approximately 10.4 million tons) consisted of coal. Docks in the state received 18.5 million tons, with coal again being the largest commodity. More than 11.5 million tons moved within the state. In 2008, the 41.8 million tons shipped to, from and within Pennsylvania were worth $3.8 billion. Pennsylvania docks shipped commodities by barge to 15 states, and received commodities from 13 states (see map). The leading state shipped to was West Virginia, with 4.4 million tons worth $217 million. The leading state shipping by barge to Pennsylvania was also West Virginia, which shipped 11.7 million tons of goods. Louisiana shipments to Pennsylvania of high-value commodities were worth over $951 million. There were 103 manufacturing facilities, terminals, and docks in western Pennsylvania that shipped and received tonnage in 2008 (see map). The Port of Pittsburgh was the second largest inland port in the country. The port shipped and received 41.8 million tons of commodities in 2008. The port definition includes all of the navigable Ohio River Basin waterways in Pennsylvania. There are five power plants along Pennsylvania’s inland waterways that receive coal by barge. In 2008, these plants received a combined 11.8 million tons of coal. Barges moved 15.5 million tons of Pennsylvania coal to 21 power plants in the Ohio River Basin. There are 17 navigation locks and dams in Pennsylvania (see map). There are three projects on the Ohio River: Emsworth, Dashields and Montgomery. The Allegheny River has eight locks and dams, which are numbered 2 through 9. On the Monongahela River, Pennsylvania’s waters include Locks and Dams 2, 3 and 4 along with Maxwell, Grays Landing and Point Marion Locks and Dams. That devastates the Pennsylvania economy – they won’t increase taxes and would just cut critical programs insteadLuhby 2011 (Tami, “Pennsylvania budget calls for deep spending cuts,” 3/8/2011, CNNMoney, http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/08/news/economy/Pennsylvania_Corbett_budget/index.htm, AMukund) NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- Calling the state's fiscal problems unprecedented, Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Corbett unveiled Tuesday a budget that asks state employees to forgo pay increases and pay more for their health care. The state is facing a budget gap of more than $4 billion, and its new governor is keeping his promise not to raise taxes to close it. Instead, he is looking for concessions from public employees and for cuts from a wide array of agencies. Also, some 1,500 positions would disappear in the budget that cuts overall spending by 3%. "We have to spend less because we have less to spend," Corbett said. "We must tax no more because people have no more to give." Corbett, a Republican, is tackling his budget problems in much the same way as other governors around the nation. Many are taking an ax to employee compensation, education and social services. But unlike state leaders in places such as Wisconsin and Ohio, Corbett is not looking to reduce public worker unions' collective bargaining rights. Hits to state workers The governor is leaning hard on education -- both K-12 and college level. Together, these suck up 38% of the state budget. "Education cannot be the only industry exempt from recession," Corbett said. "We need to change the whole system. We need a new set of priorities: child, parent and teacher -- and in that order." Corbett is asking teachers to freeze their salaries for a year, saying it would save $400 million, and he wants school districts to be allowed to furlough employees during tough budget times. But he still plans to cut $550 million from basic education funding. He is also looking to reduce state mandates and promote school choice. And he wants to allow voters to rule on property tax hikes school districts may propose to make up for state funding cuts. The state university system would see its state funding slashed $271 million, while Penn State, University of Pittsburgh, Temple and Lincoln universities would lose half their funding. The governor also said he will be looking for salary roll-backs and freezes from the state's 62,000 employees, as well as having them pay more for health care. And he wants to start discussions on fixing the pension system, which could mean higher contributions or less generous benefits. Pennsylvania’s economy is important to the nation’s economy – state collapse jeopardizes the U.S. economyEconomyWatch 2010 (“Economy of Pennsylvania State,” 6/30/2010, http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/usa/states/pennsylvania-economy.html, AMukund) Demography And Social Indicators Pennsylvania is middle Atlantic state of the United States. The state is bordered by New Jersey, West Virginia, Ohio, and Lake Erie and New York. The state has a total geographical area of 46,055 sq mi; with a land area of 44,817 sq mi; and total acres forested 16.9 mil. Pennsylvania is one of the leading steel producers in the United States. The state's economy gets more revenues from the steel industries. Demography And Social Indicators According to the US Census Bureau, the total estimated population of the state in 2005 is 12,429,616 in comparison to 12,406,292 in July 2004. The net change in the population of the state as of 2002-03 was 0.3%. The US Census 2000, has calculated the population of the state at 12,281,054. The populatio density of the state is calculated at 275.9 per sq mi. With regards to the Racial Distribution 2000, White 85.4%; Black 10.0%; Asian 1.8%; Native American 0.1%. Business and Economy of Pennsylvania The Gross State Product of Pennsylvania in 2001 was $408.4 billion. The per capita personal income of the state in 2003 was $31,998. Among the various sectors of the economy the Chief Industries include agribusiness, advanced manufacturing, health care, travel and tourism, depository institutions, bio technology, printing and publishing, research and consulting, trucking and ware housing, transportation by air, engineering and management and legal services. Important Manufacturing goods of the state are fabricated metal products, industrial machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, lumber and wood products, stone, clay and glass products. Major crops are corn, hay, mushrooms, apples, potatoes, winter wheat, oats, vegetables, tobacco, grapes and peaches. Livestock (Jan 2004): 1.64 million Cattle/calves; 85,000 sheep/lambs; (Jan 2003): 1.1 million hogs/pigs; (Dec 2003): 29.4 mil chickens. Energy Production In Pennsylvania Electricity Production (est. 2003, kwh by source): Coal 15.9 bil; Petroleum 35 mil; Hydro electric 1.3 bil; Nuclear 12.6 bil. More evidence – it’s key on a national levelCityData 2010 (“Pennsylvania – Economy,” http://www.city-data.com/states/Pennsylvania-Economy.html, AMukund) Dominated by coal and steel, Pennsylvania is an important contributor to the national economy, but its role diminished considerably during the 20th century. The state reached the height of its economic development by 1920, when its western oil wells and coal fields made it the nation's leading energy producer. By that time, however, Pennsylvania's oil production was already on the decline, and demand for coal had slackened. No longer did the state dominate US steel production: Pennsylvania produced 60% of the US total in 1900, but only 30% in 1940 and 24% in 1960. Philadelphia, a diversified manufacturing center, began to lose many of its textile and apparel factories. The Depression hastened the decline. Industrial production in 1932 was less than half the 1929 level, and mineral production, already in a slump throughout the 1920, dropped more than 50% in value between 1929 and 1933. By 1933, 37% of the workforce was unemployed. Massive federal aid programs and the production of munitions stimulated employment during the 1940s, but some sections of the state have never fully recovered from the damage of the Depression years. Declines in coal and steel production and the loss of other industries to the Sunbelt have not yet been entirely counterbalanced by gains in other sectors, despite a steady expansion of machinery production, increased tourism, and the growth of service-related industries and trade. Manufacturing, the 2nd-largest employer in Pennsylvania—providing one million jobs in the 1990s—lost about 350,000 jobs during the 1980s. The outlook for the steel industry remained uncertain in the 1990s, as Pennsylvania's aging factories faced severe competition from foreign producers. Services, in contrast, recorded about as much growth as manufacturing lost. The fastest growing service industries were concentrated in the medical and health fields. Coming into the 21st century, the annual growth rate for Pennsylvania's economy averaged 4.75% (1998 to 2000), which was then more than halved to 2.2% in the national recession of 2001. Manufacturing output, which grew 5.2% from 1997 to 2000 (although decreasing as a share of total output from 20.1% to 18.4%), fell -7.2% in 2001 (decreasing its share to 16.7%). The strongest growth in output was in various service sectors, with output from general services up 28% from 1997 to 2001; from financial services, up 22.1%, and from trade, up 19.5%. In 2001, Pennsylvania's gross state product gross state product was $408.4 billion, the 6th largest among the states, to which general services contributed $98.6 billion; financial services, $79.3 billion; manufacturing, $68.3 billion; trade, $62.3 billion; government, $41.4 billion; transportation and public utilities, $35 billion, and construction, $18.5 billion. The public sector in 2001 constituted 10% of gross state product, below the 12% average for the states. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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