All Time Box Office: Domestic Grosses #1-100. 2011. Box Office Mojo. WEBSITE accessed
April 10, 2011. http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm
Best, Mark. 2005. “Domesticity, Homosociality, and Male Power in Superhero Comics of the
1950s.” Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 6:80-99.
Brown, Jeffrey A. 1999. “Comic Book Masculinity and the New Black Superhero.” African
American Review Vol. 33, No. 1:25-42.
Carrigan, Tim, Bob Connell, and John Lee. 1985. “Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity.”
Theory and Society Vol. 14, No. 5:551-604.
Chesebro, James W. and Koji Fuse. 2001. “The Development of a Perceived Masculinity
Scale.” Communication Quarterly 49:203-278.
Connell, R. W. and James W. Messserschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking
the Concept.” Gender and Society Vol. 19. No. 6:829-859.
Emad, Mitra C. 2006. “Reading Wonder Woman’s Body: Mythologies of Gender and Nation.”
The Journal of Popular Culture Vol. 39, No. 6:954-984.
Evans, Lorraine and Kimberly Davies. 2000. “No Sissy Boys Here: A Content Analysis of the
Representation of Masculinity in Elementary School Reading Textbooks.” Sex Roles 42:255-270.
Donaldson, M. 1993. “What is Hegemonic Masculinity?” Theory and Society Vol. 22, No.
5:643-657.
Gavigan, Karen. 2010. “Comic Relief in Libraries: Motivating Male Adolescent Readers.” Pp.
145-153 in Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloguing, edited by R. G. Weiner. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers.
Greenberg, Bradley S., Matthew Eastin, Linda Hofschire, Ken Lachlan, and Kelly D. Brownell.
2003. “Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television.” American Journal of Public Health Vol. 93, No. 8:1342-1348.
Goffman, Erving. 1979. Gender Advertisements. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.
Hall, Stuart. 2007. “Encoding, Decoding.” Pp. 569-572 in Social Theory, Second Edition,
edited by R. Garner. New York: Broadview Press.
Hildebrandt, Tom, Jim Langenbucher, and David G. Schlundt. 2004. “Muscularity Concerns
Among Men: Development of Attitudinal and Perceptual Measures.” Body Image 1:169-181.
Johns, Geoff. 2011. Brightest Day #13. New York: DC Comics.
Kimmel, Michael S. 2007. “Masculinity as Homophobia.” Pp. 80-92 in Race, Class, and
Gender in the United States, edited by P. S. Rothenberg. New York: Worth Publishers.
Lavin, Michael R. “Women in Comic Books.” Serials Review Vol. 24, No. 2: 93-100.
Lorenzen, Lisa A., Frederick G. Grieve, and Adrien Thomas. 2004. “Exposure to Muscular
Male Models Decreases Men’s Body Satisfaction.” Sex Roles 51:743-748.
Miller, John Jackson. n.d. “Comic Book Sales by Month.” The Comic Chronicles. WEBSITE
accessed April 10, 2011. http://www.comichron.com/monthlycomicssales.html
Miller, John Jackson. n.d. “Comic Book Sales by Year.” The Comic Chronicles. WEBSITE
accessed April 10, 2011. http://www.comichron.com/yearlycomicssales.html
Morrison, Todd G. and Marie Halton. 2009. “Buff, Tough, and Rough: Representations of
Muscularity in Action Motion Pictures.” Journal of Men’s Studies Vol. 17, No. 1:57-74.
Morrison, Todd G., Melanie A. Morrison, and Christine Hopkins. 2003. “Striving for Bodily
Perfection? An Exploration of the Drive for Muscularity in Canadian Men.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity Vol. 4, No. 2:111-120.
Pecora, Norma. 1992. “Superman/Superboys/Supermen: The Comic Book Hero as
Socializing Agent.” Pp. 61-77 in Men, Masculinity, and the Media, edited by S. Craig. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Powlawski, Warren. 2010. “One in Four Comic Readers Over the Age of 65, Simba
Information Study Reveals.” PRLog Free Press Release. WEBSITE accessed April 10, 2011. http://www.prlog.org/10964673-one-in-four-comic-readers-over-the-age-of-65-simba-information-study-reveals.html
Ricciardelli, Rosemary, Kimberly A. Clow, and Philip White. 2010. “Investigating Hegemonic
Masculinity: Portrayals of Masculinity in Men’s Lifestyle Magazines.” Sex Roles 63:64-78.
Signorielli, Nancy. 1997. Reflections of Girls in the Media. Oakland, CA: Children Now.
Singer, Marc. 2002. “’Black Skins’ and White Masks: Comic Books and the Secret of Race.”
African American Review Vol. 36, No. 1:107-119.
Soulliere, Danielle M. 2006. “Wrestling with Maculinity: Messages about Manhood in the
WWE.” Sex Roles 55:1-11.
The Dark Knight. 2011. Box Office Mojo. WEBSITE accessed April 10, 2011.
http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=darkknight.htm
Tipton, Nathan G. 2008. “Gender Trouble in Frank Miller’s Revision of Robin in the Batman:
Dark Knight Series.” The Journal of Popular Culture Vol. 41, No. 2:321-336.
Walser, Robert. 1993. Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal
Music. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Ziolkowska, Sarah and Vivian Howard. 2010. “’Forty-One-Year-Old Female Academics
Aren’t Supposed to Like Comics!’ The Value of Comic Books to Adult Readers.” Pp. 154-166 in Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloguing, edited by R. G. Weiner. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers.
Appendices: Appendix A: Annotated Instrument
Title: Brightest Day, Avengers, New Avengers, Batman & Robin, Green Lantern, Amazing Spiderman, Wolverine
Issue Number:
Date of Publication:
Publishing Company: DC (38.4 %, n=53), Marvel (61.6%, n=85)
Character Information:
Check appropriate box or write on appropriate line.
Character Name: ___________________________________
Sex
|
Male
103 (74.6%)
|
Female
34 (24.6%)
|
Other:
1 (.7%)
|
|
Race
|
Stated:
Egyptian: 4 (2.9%)
Alien: 15 (10.9%)
Unstated: 119 (86.2%)
|
Apparent:
White: 90 (65.2%)
Black: 7 (5.1%)
Asian: 3 (2.2%)
Mutant: 8 (5.8%)
Alien: 23 (16.7%)
Demon: 1 (.7%)
Unknown: 6 (4.3%)
|
|
Age
|
Stated:
Infant: 1 (.7%)
Child: 1 (.7%)
Old Age: 1 (.7%)
Unstated: 135 (97.8%)
|
Apparent:
Infant: 1 (.7%)
Child: 0
Adolescent: 4 (2.9%)
Young Adult: 13 (9.4%)
Adult: 96 (69.6%)
Middle Age: 12 (8.7 %)
Old Age: 8 (5.8%)
Incomprehensible: 4 (2.9%)
|
|
BIG-O Rating
|
Thin: 36 (26.1%)
Moderate: 5 (3.6)
Overweight: 4 (2.9%)
Extreme: 28 (20.3%)
Steroid: 22 (15.9%)
N/A: 43 (31.2%)
|
|
Sexual Orientation
|
Heterosexual
54 (39.1%)
|
Homosexual
0
|
Bisexual
0
|
Other:
Unknown
84 (60.9%)
|
|
Prominence
|
Major
27 (19.6%)
|
Minor
111 (80.4%)
|
|
Super-power
|
Physical
27 (19.6%)
|
Physical & Nonphysical
11 (8%)
|
Nonphysical
35 (25.4%)
|
Unknown
27 (19.6%)
|
None
38
(27.5%)
|
Attainment of Favorable Outcomes:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Outcome
|
Tally
|
Total
|
Defeats Opponent:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
111 (80.4%)
20 (14.5%)
3 (2.2%)
0
4 (2.9%)
|
Escapes Opponent:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
107 (77.5%)
30 (21.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
Obtains Information:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
100 (72.5%)
32 (23.2%)
0
2 (1.4%)
4 (2.9%)
|
Romantic Encounter:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
131 (94.9%)
6 (4.3%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
Rescues Others:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
129 (93.5%)
5 (3.6%)
3 (2.2%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
Other:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
|
116 (84.1%)
15 (10.9%)
4 (2.9%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
|
Additional Comments:
Romantic Partnerships:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Romantic Partners
|
Tally
|
Total
|
With Male:
Low (none):
Moderate:
High:
|
|
127 (92%)
10 (7.2%)
1 (.7%)
|
With Female:
Low (none):
Moderate:
High:
|
|
131 (94.9%)
6 (4.3%)
High: 1 (.7%)
|
With Other:
Low (none):
Moderate:
High:
|
|
138 (100%)
0
0
|
Additional Comments:
Sexual Interest:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Expression of Sexual Interest
|
Verbal
|
Physical
|
Mental
|
Overall
|
Towards Male:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
133 (96.4%)
4 (2.9%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
133 (96.4%)
3 (2.2%)
0
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
|
137 (99.3%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
0
|
130 (94.2%)
5 (3.6%)
1 (.7%)
0
2 (1.4%)
|
Towards Female:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
133 (96.4%)
3 (2.2%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
|
134 (97.1%)
1 (.7%)
2 (1.4%)
0
1 (.7%)
|
135 (97.8%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
129 (93.5%)
3 (2.2%)
2 (1.4%)
2 (1.4%)
2 (1.4%)
|
Towards Other:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
None: 138 (100%)
Low: 0
Moderate: 0
High: 0
Extreme: 0
|
None: 138 (100%)
Low: 0
Moderate: 0
High: 0
Extreme: 0
|
None: 138 (100%)
Low: 0 Moderate: 0
High: 0
Extreme: 0
|
None: 138 (100%)
Low: 0 Moderate: 0
High: 0
Extreme: 0
|
Additional Comments:
Reception of Sexual Interest
|
Verbal
|
Physical
|
Mental
|
Overall
|
From Male:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
135 (97.8%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
134 (97.1%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
0
1 (.7%)
|
136 (98.6%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
0
|
130 (94.2%)
5 (3.6%)
2 (1.4%)
0
1 (.7%)
|
From Female:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
133 (96.4%)
2 (1.4%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
134 (97.1%)
3 (2.2%)
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
137 (99.3%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
0
|
130 (94.2%)
5 (3.6%)
1 (.7%)
0
2 (1.4%)
|
From Other:
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0: 0
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
Additional Comments:
Aggression Table:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Verbal Aggression:
|
Intimidation
|
Coercion
|
Insult
|
Threat
|
Specific Physical Threat
|
Death Threat
|
Other:
|
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
127
(92%)
10 (7.2%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
136 (96.8%)
0
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
105 (76.1%)
15 (10.9%)
9 (6.5%)
2 (1.4%)
7 (5.1%)
|
120 (87%)
13 (9.4%)
3 (2.2%)
1 (.7%)
1 (7.%)
|
130 (95.7%)
6 (4.3%)
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
132 (95.7%)
5 (3.6%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
133 (96.4%)
5 (3.6%)
0
0
0
|
|
Physical Aggression:
|
Intimidation
|
Body
|
Object:
|
Super Power
|
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
125 (90.6%)
12 (8.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
111 (80.4%)
19 (13.8%)
5 (3.6%)
0
3 (2.2%)
|
120 (87%)
9 (6.5%)
7 (5.1%)
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
|
107 (77.5%)
12 (8.7%)
3 (2.2%)
8 (5.8%)
8 (5.8%)
|
|
—Degree:
|
Obstruction of Goal
|
Physical Restraint
|
Minor Injury
|
Major Injury
|
Incapacitation
|
Death
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
120 (87%)
16 (11.6%)
0
2 (1.4%)
0
|
112 (81.2%)
16 (11.6%)
4 (2.9%)
3 (2.2%)
3 (2.2%)
|
110 (79.7%)
18 (13%)
5 (3.6%)
4 (2.9%)
1 (.7%)
|
120 (87%)
15 (10.9%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
122 (88.4%)
13 (9.4%)
1 (.7%)
0
2 (1.4%)
|
127 (92%)
6 (4.3%)
2 (4.3%)
1 (.7%)
2 (1.4%)
|
Sexual Aggression:
|
Forced Nudity
|
Forced Sexual Activity
|
Other:
|
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
137 (99.3%)
0
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
|
Justification:
|
Self-Defense
|
Defense of Others
|
Inflict Harm or Fear
|
Personal Gain
|
Other:
|
Unjustified
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
109 (79%)
18 (13%)
6 (4.3%)
2 (1.4%)
3 (2.2%)
|
111 (80.4%)
19 (13.8%)
2 (1.4%)
3 (2.2%)
3 (2.2%)
|
122 (88.4%)
9 (6.5%)
4 (2.9%)
1 (.7%)
2 (1.4%)
|
124 (89.9%)
4 (2.9%)
3 (2.2%)
3 (2.2%)
4 (2.9%)
|
121 (87.7%)
14 (10.1%)
0
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
|
126 (91.3%)
11 (5.8%)
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
Additional Comments:
Humiliation Table:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Verbal Humiliation:
|
Intimidation
|
Coercion
|
Insult
|
Threat
|
Specific Physical Threat
|
Death Threat
|
Other:
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
129
(93.5%)
8 (5.8%)
1 (.7%)
0
0
|
134 (97.1%)
2 (1.4%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
|
103
(74.6%)
22 (15.9%)
6 (4.3%)
3 (2.2%)
4 (2.9%)
|
116 (84.1%)
18 (13%)
1 (.7%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
|
130 (94.2%)
6 (4.3%)
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
130 (94.2%)
6 (4.3%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
|
133 (96.4%)
3 (2.2%)
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
0
|
Physical Humiliation:
|
Intimidation
|
Body
|
Object:
|
Super Power
|
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
128 (92.8%)
9 (6.5%)
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
115 (83.3%)
17 (12.3%)
4 (2.9%)
0
2 (1.4%)
|
118 (85.5%)
13 (9.4%)
2 (1.4%)
2 (1.4%)
3 (2.2%)
|
91 (65.9%)
34 (24.6%)
5 (3.6%)
5 (3.6%)
3 (2.2%)
|
|
—Degree:
|
Obstruction of Goal
|
Physical Restraint
|
Minor Injury
|
Major Injury
|
Incapacitation
|
Death
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
122 (88.4%)
13 (9.4%)
0
1 (.7%)
2 (1.4%)
|
99 (71.7%)
24 (17.4%)
6 (4.3%)
5 (3.6%)
4 (2.9%)
|
109 (79%)
24 (17.4%)
4 (2.9%)
0
1 (.7%)
|
119 (86.2%)
17 (12.3%)
2 (1.4%)
0
0
|
114 (82.6%)
20 (14.5%)
2 (1.4%)
1 (.7%)
1 (.7%)
|
128 (92.%)
10 (7.2%)
0
0
0
|
Sexual Humiliation:
|
Forced Nudity
|
Forced Sexual Activity
|
Other:
|
|
None:
Low:
Moderate:
High:
Extreme:
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
138 (100%)
0
0
0
0
|
137 (99.3%)
0
0
0
1 (.7%)
|
|
Additional Comments:
Appendix B: Annotated Instrument
Title: Brightest Day, Avengers, New Avengers, Batman & Robin, Green Lantern, Amazing Spiderman, Wolverine
Issue Number:
Date of Publication:
Publishing Company: DC (30.4%, n=41), Marvel (69.6%, n=94)
Frame Assessment Table:
Keep track with tally marks, indicate total when finished.
Page Number:
|
Male
|
Female
|
Other:
|
Passive
|
87
|
15
|
14
|
Total
|
75 percent
|
12.9 percent
|
12.1 percent
|
Active
|
16
|
3
|
0
|
Total
|
84.2 percent
|
15.8 percent
|
0 percent
|
Central
|
86
|
15
|
2
|
Total
|
83.5 percent
|
14.6 percent
|
1.9 percent
|
Peripheral
|
17
|
3
|
12
|
Total
|
53.1 percent
|
9.4 percent
|
37.5 percent
|
Additional Comments:
Share with your friends: |