The US needs to drastically increase humanitarian aid to forge a meaningful relationship with Somalia to prevent terrorism – current aid is insufficient
X Cook, 2007, http://www.usip.org/events/2007/somalias_future.pdf
“will need to act quickly to avert…opening for expanded U.S. engagement”
Medical assistance crucial to win support for current US counterterrorism efforts in Somalia
X Feingold and Morrison 2007 (hearing of the African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee)
“AC-130 attacks could have on the broader political attacks….Somalia out of its current mess”
Balancing current hardline approaches with softer measures like health assistance will make US counterterrorism effective
X Cook 2007 (url above)
“continues to be under pressure to define….chaotic and unstable Somalia that will prove disastrous”
Strong relations with Somalians necessary to overall counterterrorism efforts
X International Crisis Group Report, 2005 (http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/terrorwar/analysis/205/0711somalia.pdf)
“successful counter-terrorism campaign….terrorist attack against foreign interests”
Somalia is a hotspot for global terrorism
X Prendergast 2006 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/06/AR2006060601321.html
“statelessness in Somalia has already been…..because of shared ideology”
An attack would cause immediate US lash out that kills hundreds of millions
X Easterbrook
Causes extinction
X Alexander
Terrorists in Somalia can access wmds
X CBS News, 2007 http://www.cns.news.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200707/INT20070706a.html
“Africa faces a growing risk…..kind of weapons can find their way”
Terrorists already have nukes – they have the potential to inflict mass casualties
X Farah, 2005 (http://www.brocktonmass.com/news/publish/5000402.shthml)
“government officials are contemplating….assemble additional weapons”
Current US policy that privileges counterterrorism over aid fosters anti-US sentiment and militarization in Somalia
xVoice of America, October 2007 (lexis)
“transitional authority’s close relationship….suspicious of the US”
Inclusion of Islamic moderates crucial to government stability
X Africa News June 2007 lexis, Report by Department of State
“the main hope for nonmilitary solution…..should not exclude Islamist group”
Foreign aid crucial to prevent radicalization of moderate Muslims – the US is the only actor that can reverse the anti-Western sentiment – absent change, Somalia will descent into violence and civil war
X Los Angeles Times 2007 (lexis)
“without quick diplomacy….subclans that have previously opposed the transitional government is crucial”
Civil War in Somalia will quickly draw n countries from all over the world
X Venema 2006 http://www.geeskaafrika.com/igad2020_10aug06.html)
“looming prospect….proxy war for regional and international actors”
The impact is global nuclear war
X Deutsch
US credibility needed to restore stability in Somalia – no other country has the necessary clout for political reconciliation
X Council on Foreign Relations 2006 http://www.cfr.org/publication/13425
“Washington still has a golden….reconstitution of the Somali state”
Health assistance can be a key bargaining chip in conflict resolution
X Bishai 2007 http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2007/0352_public_health.htm
“use health as a tool for conflict mitigation….impact on conflict”
Greenhill RR – Negative
HIV/AIDs Conflation K
The certainty that aids is caused by hiv is misplaced—despite the abyss of knowledge about aids, activists attempt to fix an objective site of the disease isolated from contamination by its social and cultural meanings.
Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," http://cultronix.eserver.org/boon/)
It is usually assumed by activists and scientists that under the sludge
The HIV model of aids has been used to create stifling uniformity in the field of aids research—the lack of conclusive evidence for the model is concealed by the suppression of dissenting voices and the public's unquestioning acceptance.
Rasnick 97 (David, Senior Researcher for the Dr Rath Health Foundation, http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/drblinded.htm)
A skeptical veteran of AIDS research bemoans the culture of conformity imposed by government-funded, industry-driven, and media-hyped Big Science. People think of "AIDS research" as the crucible of modern science and technology. There are more than 100,000 scientists and doctors working on AIDS - more than the annual number of AIDS patients in the U.S. There are 80,000 AIDS organizations in the U.S., one for each new AIDS patient. As a scientist who has studied AIDS for 16 years, I have determined that AIDS has little to do with science and is not
The HIV model posits a single and identifiable enemy—it replaces complexity with simplicity and uncertainty with security in order to placate our fear of the disease.
Colwell 96 (C., Philosophy @ Villanova, "Deleuze, Sense and the Event of AIDS," Postmodern Culture, Volume 6, Number 2)
At this point, let me return to the question of the dominance of the HIV model of AIDS. Despite the fact that prominent researchers, Robert Root-Bernstein and Peter Duesberg among others, have provided significant evidence and coherent arguments that HIV is not a sufficient
This simplicity is dangerous—transfers blaim and fear of aids from the disease to its most visible symbol—authorizes scapegoating and violence against already marginalized groups.
Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," http://cultronix.eserver.org/boon/)
For scientists, most research into AIDS became research into HIV, understanding its life cycle
The alternative is to reject the affirmative's representation of hiv as the monolithic cause of aids. only by refusing to connect aids to a stable signifier can we explore other methods for fighting the disease.
Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," http://cultronix.eserver.org/boon/)
Donna Haraway has written persuasively on this subject [51]< http://cultronix.eserver.org/boon/notes.html#51>. She describes the replacement of an 'old' organic unity of body and knowledge replaced by a 'biopolitics of the body' envisioned as 'a coded text, organized as an engineered communications system, ordered by a fluid and dispersed command-control-intelligence system' [52]. In response to this new situation, 'our hopes for accountability....turn on revisioning the world as coding trickster with whom we must learn to converse' [53]. In the context of AIDS, this means never forgetting that, as much as we yearn for it, the power of modern medical science 'does not flow from a consensus about symbols and actions in the face of suffering'
The role of the ballot is to endorse the most socially productive representation of aids.
Mathebe 05 (Lucky, Sociology @ University of South Africa, http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11182005-073339/unrestricted/ )
That said, however, AIDS in South Africa is also a clear-cut case of the much larger issues of culture and identity. The embeddedness of authentic voices in the AIDS story justifies
Challenging aids representations is crucial to combat entrenched cultural meanings that shape our social reality.
Brophy 02 (Sarah, English @ McMaster University, Literature and Medicine 21.2 (2002) 306-311)
This ambitious book expands on Paula Treichler's groundbreaking 1988 essay "AIDS, Homophobia, and Biomedical Discourse: An Epidemic of Signification." In that essay, reprinted here as the book's first chapter, Treichler argues that "the very nature of AIDS is constructed through language and in particular through the discourses of medicine and science" (p. 11). The epidemic has generated "a chaotic assemblage of understandings of AIDS," "an epidemic of . . . signification." Insisting that our understandings of what AIDS and HIV infection mean be regarded as "culturally constructed," Treichler proposes that we pay careful attention to how language creates rather than simply reflects the meanings of illness. Far from being objective, biomedical definitions of AIDS are based "on prior social constructions
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