04B) - Report to & CCHA Executive, November 2005
Update on Bibliography Project dedicated to providing integrated bibliography data base in WP format, 1964-2005
PRESENTATION TO : Autumn Executive Meeting, CCHA
BY: Brian Hogan
PLACE & DATE: Odette Hall, USMC, 04 November 2005.
1. State of Project: 1. Integrated 1964-1994 (previously completed) - 1,066 printed pages
2. This portion of the project adds 326 printed pages:
1. Edit & rationalize vols. 61-71, 1995-2005
2. Integrate with files from previous volumes
3. Complete rationalization for integrated data base, 1964-2005
2. Accomplished: 1. Provided viable electronic format for vols. 61-71, 1995-2005
2. Rationalized vols. 61-70, 1995-2004
3. Fully cross-referenced vols. 61-70, 1995-2004 - (cross-referencing is the the real strength of the bibliography)
4. Developed viable ‘Table of Contents’ format to maintain maximum consistency with earlier years
3. Problems as Received:
1. Viable electronic format - no
2. Consistency of entry format - no
3. Maintenance of ‘Table of Contents’ template - no
4. Time consumed - almost 500 hours
4. Strengths: 1. Viable electronic format now secured, 1964-2005
2. Entry format rationalized for volumes 61-71 (will need to consider doing this for earlier vols. - end result: consistency, better format; much better cross referencing; better ‘Table of Contents’ format; )
3. Thorough cross-referencing of items, vols. 61-69
5. Possibility: 1. Add a further 4-600 hours of work to secure a higher level integration of entry types, including for 1964-1994; table of contents materials; cross referencing;
2. Attempt to secure a viable Table of Contents Template into the immediate future; at least maintain maximum continuity
6. Proposals: 1. Conversation with Guy Laperrière and Margaret Sanche to secure stable ‘Table of Contents’ format for the forseeable future. At least to maintain as much consistency as possible
2. Authorize the further work of 4-600 hours at reduced stipend
3. Intend completion for 2006 meeting of the CCHA.
Example of Rationalization work, Vol. 70, 2004, 34 printed pages:
Need to:
Edit :
1. Clean out codes in text - thousands of these even in the format received as electonically usable.
This work complete within 6 hours, 03 Nov. One of the items had 93 embedded codes which had to be strippped out. Some had none or only a few. I would estimate about 15 per item, averaging 15 items per page, including the cross references which were heavily laden with redundant codes. So - 15x15x30 pages = 6,750 separate codes to be eliminated. Each required two movements, the first locating the cursor at the requisite point, the second deleting the item. Word Perfect made this relatively easy, since I was able to identify and separate out the redundant codes quite easily. Not possible to do a universal search and destroy since a small minority of the codes in each category were relevant to the text and needed to be retained. Much of the redundancy probably originates from the combining of texts from different sources, from source persons.
Another way of calculating the density of the hidden codes is this, rather more accurate than the rough measurement given above: As received the file contained about 1,200 kb. Once the hidden codes were cleaned out the file totalled only 340 kb, including a page or two of notes which developed with the editing. So, the file, reduced to its essentials, was about 25% of the original.
Quite more important than the wasted space, of course, is the mischief these hidden codes could cause through the mergings ahead as the data base moves towards the final integration. Thus the necessity of cleaning up before moving ahead.
2. Rationalize entry types as to / proper French /English format:
colons,
guillemets,
no.,
Pp /p
spacing;
3. Adjust Table of Contents Template, plus the cross-references already embedded
4. Cross Reference - c. 30-45 minutes per page.
5. Final Step: Merge
04C) Report to CCHA Executive, March 2005
PRESENTATION TO : Winter Executive Meeting, CCHA
RE: Update - Canadian Religious History Bibliography (CRHB) ‘64-‘05
BY: Brian Hogan
PLACE & DATE: Odette Hall, USMC, 03 March - 11:45 AM.
1. The Project: 1. To achieve an integrated collection of Bibs:1964-2005 in WP format.
2. The Portions: 1. Prepare two collections for final integration:
2. The First Collection: bibs: 1964 - 1993
3. The Second Collection: bibs: 1995 - 2005
4. The Integrated Bibliography: bibs: 1964 - 2005
3. Accomplished: 1. All bibs, 1964- 2005 now in viable electronic format (WP).
2. A revised TOC template has been developed and applied to 2nd Coll.
3. 1st Coll. has been edited to rationalize entry types across the whole collection
4. A rudimentary form of coding, employing the * at primary sites, has been
devised to assist rapid Search and Replace function for use of the
bibliography - excellent result.
5. The 2nd Collection, bibs:1995-2005, fully integrated into one collection according to the revised template and fully cross-referenced.
6. All items for 2nd Coll. including all cross-references, have been coded thus: [b:95-05], to distinguish items from 1st Collection.
7. Checking of cross-references for bibs 95-05 completed through Section 06A - 60 hours should finish this task and the integration of the 2nd Coll. will be completed.
8. 1st Collection, merged, totals 1,390 pages
9. 2nd Collection, merged, totals 639 pages (expect a further 2-300 pages when cross-referenced)
10. A test merge of the two collections yields just over 2,000 pages Movement through the 2,000 pages in search of particular items, is instantaneous.
4. The Time: 1. To this point - 775 hours of c1450.
2. Since 04 Nov. meeting - c350 hours.
3. Remaining: c700 hours; Expect completion of a further 400 in next three months.
4. Bottom line - end of May c300 hours short of what was projected in Nov. meeting.
5. The Problem: 1.Work is slower than expected. Presently about 200 hours behind anticipated.
6. The Tasks: 1. Complete integration of 2nd collection.
2. Commence revised template formatting of the 1st Collection.
3. Attend to an improved cross-referencing of 1st Collection - Very large
time commitment - won’t be perfect
4. Integrate 1st and 2nd collections - perhaps 100 hours.
5. Final editing of the ultimate collection - perhaps 150 hours.
7. The Plan: 1. Proceed by way of successive versions for release and use.
2. Eg: have CRHB V-01 (Canadian Religious History Bibliography - Version 01) of a ‘work in progress.’ Version One of integrated bibliography prepared for release and use by end of May, per commitment of November 2005.
- Hope to have: completed revision of revised template for 1st coll.
- Hope to have begun x-ref. for 1st coll.; certainly not completed
- Will have integrated 1st & 2nd collections
3. Continue with cross-referencing work to point of completion of promised
tasks for release of Version 02, late 2006, or early 2007.
4. Version 02 will include integration of the bibliography now being prepared for the 2006 Historical Studies.
5. Version 03 will include the successive year. Once the format has been
resolved to the best possible point allowable, I anticipate the yearly
work should involve not more than c60-70 hours.
8. The Strength: 1. Usable version soonest.
2. A plan would be in place for continuing the updating, revision and
correction of the Integrated Bibliography according to critiques, into the near future.
9. The Proposals:
1. To proceed according to the plan of releasing successive versions of the Integrated Bibliography.
1 I request authorization from the CCHA to proceed with annual upgrading of the Integrated Bibliography for the next several years through the addition of the annual published bibliographies. This will require the necessary permissions through HEC, and Université St. Paul, to ensure reception of the annual bibs. in viable electronic format.
The proposal carries no financial implication or obligation for the CCHA.
3. I request authorization from the CCHA to proceed with investigation as to the possibility of publication of the Integrated Bibliography.
The proposal carries no financial implication or obligation for the CCHA.
10. A Suggestion:
Something added to 2006 meeting schedule - opportunity to introduce and explain the working of the bibliography - perhaps including members of the Canadian Society of Church History?
04D) Report on the State of the Bibliography, May 2006
01) The twenty sections are thoroughly integrated, 1964-2005.
02) Materials in 2nd collection (b:95-06) are:
- thoroughly reconciled to the new TOC template
- thoroughly cross-referenced
- thoroughly coded for ease of recognition (b:95-05)
- integrated into a single data base with materials from the 1st Collection.
03) Work has begun on reconciling items in the 1st Collection to the revised TOC template.
04) Future work is detailed in P - 3 above.
A 1 - Part Five: The Integrated Bibliography - Completion
At a meeting with the CCHA executive, in March of 2006, Hogan offered to continue adding the annual bibliographies, as they are produced, into the integrated bibliography for future versions of the BiCRH. The CCHA presented that offer to the Spring meeting of the Historia Ecclesiae Catholicae Canadiensis, which authorized continuation of the work. It is anticipated that future versions will appear with: improvements in reconciliation with the revised TOC; a completion of the cross-referencing tasks; and the addition of future annuals. It is, of course, crucial that the annual compilation continue, both for ease of access to current publications, and more the regular up-grading of the integrated work.
*Appendix Two:
A Review of the Development of the Sections and their
Ordering within the Table of Contents - *A2
The original template for the Table of Contents (TOC) was constructed by Michael Sheehan when he introduced the bibliography in 1964. Adjustments and additions found their way into Section 11, Special Problems / Problèmes spéciaux, which by vol. 53, 1986, numbered five sub-sections. The TOC was continued first under James Hanrahan when he took over responsibility for the bibliography, and then by Brian Hogan when he began work in 1975.
In vol. 56, 1989, Hogan upgraded the subsections found in Section 11 to full sections, without changing their order, so that Section 11A became Section 11, Section 11B became Section 12, etc. At that time he also added three new sections:
Section 16 - Women and Religion / Les Femmes et la religion
Section 17 - Ecumenics / Oécumenisme
Section 18 - Religion, Ethics and Health / L’église, l’éthique et la santé;
These changes took place coterminous with the evolution of the bibliography into a collaborative enterprise as John Moir and Margaret Sanche joined the ranks of primary compilers. Following conversations and negotiations among members of the French and English-language sections of HECC, in 1993, Hogan handed the task of overseeing the compilation over to the Centre de Recherche at Université St. Paul in Ottawa. The first publication of the annual bibliography under this new direction occurred in vol. 1995. The number of contributors has changed regularly over the years, with Margaret Sanche remaining as the constant compiler.
A final adjustment during Hogan’s term, in vol. 59, 1992, involved the wording of Section 13, which was adjusted from “Immigration” to “Migration,” in order to reflect the reality of Canadian religious history, which has witnessed inward, outward and internal movement of religious groups. Of course, there has been far more immigration than either emigration or internal migration, but the change of wording seemed to provide a more inclusive category. This principle of inclusion was the primary one driving most adjustments to both the number of categories within the bibliography and the wording used to identify the content of categories.
Under the direction of Jean-Marie LeBlanc, Guy Laperrière and Margaret Sanche, in vol. 68, 2002, Section 06 was expanded to include a third sub-section, 06C. “Religious Communities.” This improvement reflected the long-standing necessity for some adjustment to assist in clarifying items relating to this original and continuing major phenomenon of Canadian history. In vol. 69, 2003 that subsection was again adjusted to become stand-alone Section 15, where it now remains in the annual compilation. In this integrated bibliography items respecting Religious Communities are found in Section 19A and 19B. Also in vol. 69, 2003, which witnessed major adjustments to the re-ordering and naming of categories, Section 06, “Histoire par régions” saw the introduction of an organizational template for both sub-sections by five broad geographical identifiers, ranging from the Atlantic to the North.
Finally, in vol. 71, 2005, there was a further adjustment of categories which saw a major shift in the ordering of many sections. This adjustment represented the most significant change to the original TOC template. Previous adjustments followed the principle of maintaining maximum continuity, to assist ease of access for those using the bibliography across time. Most importantly, this principle allowed for maintaining the integrity of the numbering system for the established cross references, numbering many thousands of items. At the point where work on developing the integrated bibliography reached vol. 69, in early Autumn 2005, compiler Hogan requested a conversation with all interested parties to see whether some agreement could be reached which would honour improvements to the TOC, while maintaining the established ordering. This conversation was restricted to a few weeks, in order to maintain momentum so that the intended release date of Spring 2006 would be assured. The conversation quickly established that no further adjustments to the annual TOC could be contemplated. In the event, then, it was ascertained that the TOC for the annual and the TOC for the integrated would need to part ways. The subsequent conversation then came to focus strictly on: an addition to the TOC, respecting First Peoples, Section 20A and 20B; the expansion of the sub-categories within Section 06, Geographical, to include all of the provinces and territories; and, finally, adjustments to the nomenclature employed to identify each section. This latter task remains a part of the work in progress. In the Spring of 2006 one small experiment was made to test the presumption that adjustments in the numerical ordering of sections would require considerable work to insure the integrity of the numbering for cross-references. In this experiment Sections and 16 and 17 were simply reversed, and that renewed ordering now stands within this integrated bibliography. In fact, that re-ordering required only about fifteen hours of labour. It should be noted however, that those two sections are among more recent additions, and so are limited as to the number of items for consideration. Most importantly, the number of cross-references affected was only a few hundred. Nevertheless, all such work is finite and, once the final reconciliation has been accomplished and all of the desired cross-referencing completed, it should be a fairly straightforward task to adjust the numbering of sections as desired, though I expect it will require something well north of a hundred hours of labour to do so.
The Table of Contents, as found in the first pages of the Bibliography, is repeated here for ease of review by the interested researcher. An expanded explanation, dealing with the content of each section, is found in the succeeding Appendix Three.
Table of Contents / Table des matières
PREFATORY MATERIAL:
P - 1 Introduction P1
P - 2 Notes and Tips for Using the Bibliography P2
P - 3 Tasks Remaining for the Bibliography as of May 2006 P3
SECTIONS:
01. Guides: Archives, Bibliographies, Description of Sources / Instruments de travail
02. Sources
03. General Religious History / Histoire religieuse en générale
04. Historiography, Philosophy, Theory / Historiographie, philosophie, théorie
05. Religions, Communions, Denominations, Cults and Sects / Les religions et les confessions
05A. General / Générale
05B. Particular Religions, Communions / Chacune des confessions
06. Geographical Distribution / Le distribution par géographie :
06A. Regional : Dioceses, Synods, Regions and Administrative Districts /
Diocèses, synods et circonscriptions régionales
Acadie / Acadia AC
Nouvelle France / New France NOF
Atlantic / Atlantique AT
New Brunswick / Nouveau Brunswick NB
Newfoundland / Labrador -Terre Neuve / Labrador NF / TN
Nova Scotia / Nouvelle Écosse NS / NÉ
Prince Edward Island / Ile Prince Edouard - PE /
Northern / Nord NR
Northwest Territories NT
Nunavut NU
Yukon YK
Ontario ON
Upper Canada / Canada en haut
Canada West / Canada Ouest
Québec / Quebec QC
Canada Est / Canada East
Bas Canada /Lower Canada
Western / Ouest WE /OU:
North West / Le Nord-ouest NW / NOU
Pacific Northwest PN
Alberta AB
British Columbia BC /CB
Manitoba MB
Saskatchewan SK
06B. Local: Parishes, Congregations, Synagogues, Temples, Places of Worship /
Histoires de paroisses, lieux de culte locaux
Acadie / Acadia AC
Atlantic / Atlantique AT
New Brunswick / Nouveau Brunswick NB
Newfoundland / Labrador -Terre Neuve / Labrador NF / TN
Nova Scotia / Nouvelle Écosse NS / NÉ
Prince Edward Island / Ile Prince Edouard - PE /
Northern / Nord NR
Northwest Territories NT
Nunavut NU
Yukon YK
Ontario ON
Upper Canada / Canada en haut
Canada West / Canada Ouest
Québec / Quebec QC
Canada Est / Canada East
Bas Canada /Lower Canada
Western / Ouest WE /OU:
North West / Le Nord-ouest NW / NOU
Pacific Northwest PN
Alberta AB
British Columbia BC /CB
Manitoba MB
Saskatchewan SK
07. Institutions, Lay Associations, Confraternities, Organizations, Movements /
Institutions, associations, confréries, organisations, mouvements
08. Biography / Biographie
08A. General / Général
08B. Individuals /Individus
09. Religious Practices / Les pratiques religieux:
Liturgy, Catechetics, Cultic, Pastoral, Development, Devotional, Spirituality, Theology /
Liturgie, catechétiques, culte, pastorale, développement, dévotions, spiritualité, théologie
10. Missions
11. Arts, literature, media, communications /
Les arts, littérature, média, communications
12. Education / Éducation
13. Migration & Demography:
Settlement, ethnic, racial and linguistic groups and factors /
Colonisation, groupes et causes ethniques, linguistique et racial
14. Religion and/et Relations I :
Politics, Economics, Labour, Law and Social: Ethics - Justice - Thought - Work /
Politiques, économies, la loi et éthiques, oeuvres, engagement et réflexion sociale
15. Religion and/et Relations II:
Culture, Society and Religious Heritage /
La culture, la société et le patrimoine religieux
16. Religion and/et Relations III:
Interchurch, Interfaith, Communal /
Relations communale et entre les religions et les confessions
17. Religion and/et Relations IV:
Women, Gender, Marriage and Family Life /
Les femmes, genre, mariage et la vie en famille
18. Health Care and Ethics: Medical, Personal, Sexual /
Santé, et éthiques: médicale, personnel, sexuel
19A. Religious Communities, General / Les comunautés religieuses en générale :
Orders, Congregations, Institutes and Associations of the Promised, Professed, Vowed and Consecrated /
Ordres, congrégations, instituts et associations des hommes et des femmes
19B. Religious Communities, Specific / Les communautés religieuses en particulier
20A. First Peoples, General / Les première peuples, en général
First Nations; Amerindian; Aboriginal; Native /
Premières Nations; Amérindienne; Aborigène; Autochtone; Natif
20B. First Peoples, Specific / Les première peuples en particulier
APPENDICES :
Appendix One: An Historical Review of the Development of the Annual and Integrated Bibliographies: Workers, Tasks and Stages:
A 1 - Part One: The Annual Bibliography - Beginnings
A 1 - Part Two: Université St. Paul
????A 1 - Part Three: The Workers
A 1 - Part Three: The Integrated Bibliography - Beginnings
A 1 - Part Four: The Integrated Bibliography - Completion
Addendi:
04A) - Initial Proposal for Completion of the Integrated Bibliography, April 2004
04B) - Report to & CCHA Executive, November 2005
04C) - Report to CCHA Executive, March 2006
04D) - Report on the State of the Bibliography, May 2006
A 1 - Part Five: The Integrated Bibliography - Continuation
Appendix Two: A Historical Review of the Development of the Sections and their Ordering within the Table of Contents A2
Appendix Three: An Explanation of the Criteria and Content for Each Section A3
Appendix Four: Entry Format Types:
Stylistic usage governing the construction of bibliographic items A4
Appendix Five: Copy of Brian Hogan, MANUAL FOR CANADIAN RELIGIOUS BIBLIOGRAPHY COLLABORATORS, September 1993 A5
Appendix Six: Listing of periodicals covered, as known A6
Addendum to Appendix Two:
Conversation re- the Number and Ordering of Sections, Autumn, 2005.
(The following memo captures an historical moment in completing the work of the integrated bibliography as the primary compiler pursued a conversation with interested parties in SCHEC and the CCHA as to the most desirable / possible additions and ordering to a revised template for the Table of Contents in the Autumn of 2005. It is offered here as capturing some of the thought and exchange behind the sections and their ordering.)
Memo #2 To: Conversation partners re - the order of numbering the categories for the Religious History Bibliography
From: Brian Hogan
Date: 17 Nov 2005
In the first place I would like to express my gratitude to all of you who have invested valuable time to reflect on the question at hand and to participate in this first round of conversation. This second memo proceeds accordingly:
A. - provide a synopsis of responses received
B. - provide a historical review of the bibliography and the state of the present project. This should , hopefully, provide some better appreciation for a contextual review of the whole question and realistic possibilities
C. - provide my views as a start to the second round of conversation
A. SYNOPSIS:
Here I offer my resume of what people have forwarded to me. I will be happy to pass along the full content of e-mails, should anyone wish, given the prior consent of senders.
1. Guy Laperrière, Université de Sherbrooke :
Guy is the primary compiler on the SHECC side. We had a brief and agreeable conversation by telephone in which I brought him up to date on the origin of the question. Guy did me the courtesy of forwarding the “Conversation” package to Jocelyne Murray, for whom I lacked contact information. She confirmed his belief that she would not be interested in participating in such a conversation.
For his part, after review of the proposal, and having spoken with some Québec colleagues, Guy expressed his strong belief that it would be neither possible nor desirable to return to an earlier ordering of the categories. He thought the question might be handled by eliminating cross-references. Further, he explained that he really does not have the time to participate in such a discussion at present.
I have sent my thanks with the promise that I would not trouble him further.
2. Margaret Sanche: STM, Univ. of Saskatchewan, the primary compiler on the CCHA side:
Margaret believes the proposal could work quite well. She had not been thinking of the question of a continuing bibliography at the time when the conversation developed concerning adjustments to the Table of Contents in 2003 and 2005. She believes the cross-referencing is important, as electronic searches will not surface a great deal of the material which is identified in only one category.
3. Jean-Marie Leblanc / Pierre Hurtubise, Centre de Recherche, Université St. Paul :
The ultimate compiler of the bibliography, with an expressed interest in the long-term dimension of the bibliography, including continued integration on an annual or other basis.
Jean-Marie sent a detailed review, exhibiting a very considerable investment of reflection. At bottom, he and the Centre are happy to work with whatever is decided among members of the two associations. He certainly prefers a stable entity for going forward. He offered a number of suggestions for location of categories, generally agreeing with the order as now established (i.e. since 2003 / 2005). He wonders whether it would not be best to begin the cross references from scratch. As for going forward - perhaps best to begin a new integrated bibliography from 2006 forward, as complement to the 1964-2005?
4. Richard Lebrun: University of Manitoba
Richard thought that the proposal met the concerns raised in the CCHA Executive Conversation and could work well. He had some questions concerning the terminology for categories, as for Women and “Human Relations”.
I requested a further discussion in which we went over the whole business of cross-referencing. He agrees that electronic searching won’t achieve the desired results, but wonders whether the burden of cross referencing across some1,400 printed pages of bibliography won’t result in something very cumbersome. Wonders further whether, given that the IT format renders the question of space irrelevant, it might be best to simply repeat the whole entry wherever it might be seen to fit, rather than only once, with cross-referencing.
(In fact, the expanded character of cross references approaches this level of repetition without adding as much to length as this proposal would do. The down-side is that a further jump must be made to he primary location.)
5. Linda Wicks, Archivist, Sisters of St. Joseph, Toronto. President of the CCHA.
Referred to the CCHA decision to retain “First Nations Category,” and the former wording of “Women, Gender and Family.” She offered some further helpful comments with respect to wording. She favours the proposal, given the above adjustments.
6. Heidi MacDonald, University of Lethbridge:
Acknowledged receipt of info with intent to include in minutes of the Executive meeting. At that meeting Heidi expressed herself as quite keen to continue with the distinct category of First Nations, as the proposal offers.
(This adjustment has now been made with the Addition of Section 20.)
7. Brian Hogan, compiler, Integrated Bibliography
For my part, other than the question of expediency, which translates, of course, into time and money, I am quite happy to concede any ordering at all to the Table of Contents. There are all kinds of reasons to prefer one order to another, and I am quite prepared to yield the ground in advance and proceed as directed, even while I might hold particular preferences for one over another. One thing which has been clear ever since Aristotle concerned himself with the whole question of classification of the created order, it is a complex business! Aristotle, of course, insisted on the fixity of species, while conceding the changeability of particulars. Denying the immutability of Plato’s forms, a later age would hardly concede the fixity even of species! I recall attending what was, I believe, Etienne Gilson’s last public lecture in Canada, sometime around 1973-74, at St. Basil’s Church in Toronto. It concerned this whole question of species and ordering. For me the lecture suggested that such things were very worth thinking about, and also complex. Over the years of struggling with the proper order of entry for items in specific categories I frequently yearned for less flux and more fix!
It appears to me that there is, finally, one substantive point at issue here, and that is the following. Unless the combined bibliography should ever find life as a published entity (a possibility which stubbornly lingers in my mind as a desirable thing, unlikely though it is) its use will be restricted to electronic manipulation. In which case, questions of length or location of materials seem to be pretty much irrelevant. Of course, a variety of arguments, from the aesthetic to those dealing with the innate logic of desiring congruent location of cognate materials can be made. These questions, however, assume a quite different order of prominence when considered from the viewpoint of IT, as compared with that of printed material. Or, so it seems to me.
So then, in my mind, it comes down to the question of cross referencing. Let me begin by conceding that this question too, admits of many possibilities, some of which have come up in the discussion of the last ten days. I will outline these as a contribution, I hope, to greater clarity.
1. Eliminate the cross references altogether. They are a great bother. (Certainement!)
2. They are not necessary, given the state of IT, and the ability to do word searches.
3. Strip out all cross references then stabilize the “Table of Contents” format, then start the cross references from scratch.
4. Eliminate cross references. And, since space is not a problem, simply repeat an item in as many categories as seem desirable.
5. Complete the cross-referencing as far as possible, knowing that such a labour is never completed, but reconciling as far as possible with whatever Table of Contents is decided upon.
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