Ap european History Period 1 Exam: 1450 -1648

“… to compress into few words the entire summary of my voyage and speedy return, and of the advantages derivable therefrom, I promise, that with a little assistance afforded me by our most invincible sovereigns, I will procure them as much gold as they need, as great a quantity of spices, of cotton, and of mastic (which is only found in Chios), and as many men for the service of the Navy as their Majesties may require. I promise also rhubarb and other sorts of drugs, which I am persuaded the men whom I have left in the aforesaid fortresses have found already and will continue to find; for I myself have tarried n where longer than I was compelled to do by the winds, except in the city of Navidad, while I provided for the buildings of the fortress, and took the necessary precautions for the perfect security of the men I left there. Although all I have related may appear to be wonderful and unheard of, yet the results of my voyages would have been more astonishing if I had had at my disposal such ships I required. But these great and marvelous results are not to be attributed to any merit of mine, but to the holy Christian faith, and to the piety and religion of our sovereigns; for that which the unaided intellect of man could not compass, the spirit of God has granted to human exertions, for God is wont to hear the prayers of his servants who love his precepts even to the performance of apparent impossibilities.”

1. 
   Based on the passage above, which of the following is the primary motivation for exploring and establishing colonies?
   

1. 
   Commercial motives
   
2. 
   Religious motives
   
3. 
   Nationalistic motives
   
4. 
   Scientific motives
   

2. 
   An historian studying the first contacts between Europeans and Native Americans would be most interested in which of the following details from the passage?
   

1. 
   American products of interest to Europeans
   
2. 
   The position of religion in Columbus’ worldview
   
3. 
   The building of a fortress in a new world
   
4. 
   Columbus’ plan for future expeditions
   

“What now shall I say about literature and scholarship in which all concede that Florence is the chief and most splendid leader?... For who is able to name a poet in our generation of the last one who is not a Florentine? Who but our citizens recalled this skill at eloquence, already lost, to light, to practical use, and to life…. Now the knowledge of Greek literature, which had been decayed in Italy for more than seven hundred years, has been revived and restored by our city…. Finally, these humanities most excellent and of highest value, especially relevant for human beings, necessary for both public and private life, adorned with a knowledge of letters worthy of free men, have originated in our city....”

3. 
   Bruni’s oration best illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance?
   

1. 
   The use of the printing press to spread the Renaissance beyond Italy.
   
2. 
   The ongoing influence of the Catholic Church in Renaissance life.
   
3. 
   The revival of classical literature and ancient texts.
   
4. 
   The critical role patrons played in humanist scholarship.
   

4. 
   The approaches of humanist scholars such as Bruni led to which of the following developments by the early sixteenth century?
   

1. 
   Christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious reform
   
2. 
   increased tolerance for new ideas and approaches to theological and scientific debates
   
3. 
   an increase in the Catholic Church’s receptivity to calls for reform
   
4. 
   an increasing skepticism about the role of religion and its relevance in contemporary life
   

5. 
   What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni’s oration?
   

1. 
   the focus on creating a larger Italian state
   
2. 
   the emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior
   
3. 
   the overlapping nature of religious and political power
   
4. 
   the increased involvement of the people in political decision-making
   

6. 
   Which of the following characteristics are best reflected in this painting?
   

1. 
   an emphasis on irrationality, impulse, and abstraction
   
2. 
   an emphasis on emotion, nature, individuality, and intuition
   
3. 
   an emphasis on subjectivity, the subconscious, and satire
   
4. 
   an emphasis on drama, emotion, intensity, distortion
   

7. 
   The characteristics from the above painting best reflect which art genre
   

1. 
   Northern Renaissance
   
2. 
   Mannerism
   
3. 
   Baroque
   
4. 
   Italian Renaissance
   

“VI. And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said religion called Reformed [Protestant] to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences,…upon condition that they comport themselves in other respects according to that which is contained in this our present edict.”

8. 
   What other condition was NOT part of the Edict of Nantes?
   

1. 
   Towns could be walled and fortified for defensive purposes
   
2. 
   Establishment of Protestant universities
   
3. 
   Practice Protestantism freely throughout all of France
   
4. 
   Appointment of local city officials
   

9. 
   The excerpt above most directly reflects Henry as a “politique”
   

1. 
   religious conflicts that challenged European monarchs’ control of religious institutions.
   
2. 
   Christian motivations for exploration, as governments sought to spread the faith.
   
3. 
   some Protestants’ refusal to recognize the subordination of the church to the state.
   
4. 
   monarchs’ tolerance of religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace.
   

“The basic question to be answered is; why did Europeans reach and conquer the lands of Native Americans, instead of vice versa?

10. 
    According to Diamond’s argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in
    

1. 
   The military and naval technological advantages held by Europeans
   
2. 
   The biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans
   
3. 
   The establishment of a plantation economy among indigenous peoples
   
4. 
   The actions of key European explorers
   

11. 
    Which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian exchange referenced by diamond?
    

1. 
   Population stagnation in Europe due to diseases brought from the New World
   
2. 
   Increases in the Native American population due to the introduction of new European food sources
   
3. 
   Increases in trade and wealth throughout the Mediterranean
   
4. 
   Europeans’ expansion of the African slave trade
   

12. 
    Exploration and colonization of the New World in the sixteenth century impacted the European balance of power by
    

1. 
   Increasing the power of England
   
2. 
   Limiting the power of France
   
3. 
   Enriching the Italian city-states
   
4. 
   Increasing the power of Spain and Portugal
   

13. 
    The image above serves as evidence to support the argument that, in the 16th century,
    

1. 
   population shifts and growing commerce caused the expansion of cities.
   
2. 
   city governments had taken on the task of regulating public morality.
   
3. 
   accusations of witchcraft reflected folk ideas and social upheaval.
   
4. 
   landlords’ attempts to restrict the traditional rights of peasants led to revolt.
   

14. 
    All of the following are reasons for the revolt against the Spanish in the Netherlands EXCEPT:
    

1. 
   The closing of Catholic churches in the Netherlands by Spain
   
2. 
   Attempts by Phillip II to strengthen his control over the Netherlands
   
3. 
   Residents of the Netherlands realized that their taxes were being used for Spanish grain
   
4. 
   Phillip II attempted to crack down on Calvinism in the Netherlands
   

15. 
    The passage above represents the employment of Renaissance learning in the service of?
    

1. 
   religious reform
   
2. 
   state building
   
3. 
   civic humanism
   
4. 
   absolutism
   

16. 
    Based on the passage above and your knowledge Christian Humanism led most directly to which of the following?
    

1. 
   The Catholic Reformation
   
2. 
   Development of National Monarchies
   
3. 
   The Protestant Reformation
   
4. 
   The Thirty Years War
   

17. 
    Which of the following would be most likely to disagree with the views represented in the document?
    

1. 
   Protestant reformers
   
2. 
   Protestant monarchs
   
3. 
   Anabaptists
   
4. 
   Habsburg rulers
   

18. 
    Which of the following groups would be most likely to use the document to support their political beliefs?
    

1. 
   The Jesuit Order
   
2. 
   The Anabaptists
   
3. 
   Catholic bishops
   
4. 
   Nicolo Machiavelli
   

19. 
    According to the passage, which nation was primed for economic supremacy by 1498?
    

1. 
   Spain
   
2. 
   Venice
   
3. 
   Portugal
   
4. 
   Egypt
   

20. 
    Which of the following economic patterns does the passage describe?
    

1. 
   Shifting of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states
   
2. 
   Increase in tensions between Portugal and Spain
   
3. 
   The decline of Asia in international trade
   
4. 
   The increasing importance of trade in the Americas over Asian trade
   

21. 
    This speech, given by Elizabeth I served which of the following purposes?
    

1. 
   It rallied the troops to oppose Catholic heretics who threatened Elizabeth’s reign
   
2. 
   It rallied the troops to fight against the imminent attack of the Spanish armada
   
3. 
   It rallied the troops to protect the queen from traitors who wished to free Mary Queen of Scots and place her on the throne of England
   
4. 
   It rallied the troops to fight against the imminent attack of the French navy
   

22. 
    The speech by Queen Elizabeth was most likely addressed to which of the following groups?
    

1. 
   Members of the British Parliament
   
2. 
   Members of the British military forces
   
3. 
   Members of the upper classes
   
4. 
   British Catholics
   

23. 
    The speech by Queen Elizabeth I contradicted the traditional, accepted role of a sixteenth-century women in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
    

1. 
   Queen Elizabeth was very well educated, as seen in her speech
   
2. 
   Queen Elizabeth took an active interest in the political and military affairs of her nation
   
3. 
   Queen Elizabeth portrayed the typical image of a woman, asserting she had a weak and feeble body
   
4. 
   Queen Elizabeth served in a position of authority in her nation
   

24. 
    Queen Elizabeth I is known as a politique for which of the following reasons?
    

1. 
   She supported her nation, rallying the troops when foreign dangers threatened English safety
   
2. 
   She implemented a harsh policy of religious persecution of Puritans, believing they threatened the stability of her nation
   
3. 
   She supported the arts, initiating a strong interest in theater
   
4. 
   She implemented a religious settlement that put political unity ahead of theological differences
   

25. 
    The Portuguese gained control of Brazil as a colony as a consequence of
    

1. 
   The need for it as a base on the route to India
   
2. 
   The Treaty of Tordesillas
   
3. 
   The fact that the Spanish mistakenly believed it to be of no value
   
4. 
   Spain ceding it to Portugal in return for the Philippines islands
   

26. 
    The policy of France in the Thirty Year’s War was
    

1. 
   To remain neutral
   
2. 
   To ally with all other Catholic rulers against the Protestants
   
3. 
   To ally with the Spanish against Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
   
4. 
   To ally with the Protestants to prevent a Habsburg victory
   

27. 
    All of the following were results of the Treaty of Westphalia EXCEPT
    

1. 
   The reduction of the German population through military action and disease
   
2. 
   The toleration of the major Protestant churches
   
3. 
   The recognition of the independence of the Netherlands
   
4. 
   The union of all German speaking states under a strong emperor
   

28. 
    When the influx of silver and gold from the New World slowed dramatically about 1620, this trend damaged the economy of
    

1. 
   Spain
   
2. 
   The Dutch Republic
   
3. 
   England
   
4. 
   France
   

29. 
    During the French Wars of Religion, which of the following groups were massacred?
    

1. 
   Roman Catholics
   
2. 
   Lutherans
   
3. 
   Anabaptists
   
4. 
   Huguenots
   

30. 
    The St. Bartholemew’s Day massacre can be considered to be a turning point in French history because
    

1. 
   It established the supremacy of Calvinist beliefs in France
   
2. 
   It led to a civil war that eventually established the Bourbon monarchy and led to a degree of religious tolerance
   
3. 
   It led to a civil war that clearly established the power of the Valois monarchy and led to the domination of the Roman Catholic Church
   
4. 
   It established the supremacy of the Guise family and their control of the nation’s religious beliefs
   

31. 
    During the civil wars in France in the second half of the sixteenth century, the Huguenots
    

1. 
   Were led by a noble family known as the Guise who hoped to secure the throne
   
2. 
   Perpetrated the infamous St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre to wipe out the Catholic leadership
   
3. 
   Achieved limited toleration after their leader converted to Catholicism to gain the throne
   
4. 
   Organized a foreign alliance with the Spanish
   

32. 
    Which of the following was a major factor in preventing the union of the Protestants led by Zwingli and Luther?
    

1. 
   Allowance of clerical marriages
   
2. 
   Closing of monasteries
   
3. 
   Interpretation of the Eucharist
   
4. 
   The age of baptism
   

33. 
    One of the important Renaissance changes that impacted artists was that
    

1. 
   Artists began to be treated as artistic geniuses rather than artisans
   
2. 
   Artists began to paint with watercolors rather than oil paints
   
3. 
   Artists began to paint in a fanciful style rather than stressing realism in their works
   
4. 
   Artists began to be treated as common tradesmen rather than creative geniuses
   

“He who desires to fight for God under the banner of the cross in our society, which we wish to distinguish by

34. 
    Which of the following is described above?
    

1. 
   Jesuit Order
   
2. 
   Spanish Conquistadors
   
3. 
   Hanseatic League
   
4. 
   Ultra-Catholic League
   

35. 
    What is the purpose associated with this group (identified in the previous question) as described in the passage?
    

1. 
   Campaign against the Schmalkaldic League
   
2. 
   Assist the Holy Roman Emperor in Italian Wars
   
3. 
   Missionary work in New World and Asia
   
4. 
   Crusades to gain the Holy Land for Christians
   

36. 
    All of the following were additional efforts as part of this period, EXCEPT:
    

1. 
   Index of Prohibited Books
   
2. 
   Renaissance patronage of pope and Medici
   
3. 
   Ursulines and other new orders
   
4. 
   Council of Trent
   

37. 
    Which of the following treaties enabled this group to successfully implement their mission without much dispute from political leaders?
    

1. 
   Peace of Augsburg
   
2. 
   Edict of Nantes
   
3. 
   Treaty of Tordesillas
   
4. 
   Treaty of Westphalia
   

38. 
    The event depicted that led to the above map was?
    

1. 
   The Thirty Years War.
   
2. 
   The Protestant Reformation.
   
3. 
   The English Civil War
   
4. 
   The Columbian Exchange.
   

39. 
    The losses reflected on the map above refer to?
    

1. 
   Catholic losses during that time.
   
2. 
   The loss of Protestant princess during that time.
   
3. 
   The loss of German population during that time.
   
4. 
   The slaughter of Anabaptists during that time.
   

40. 
    Based on your knowledge and the map above, which of the following statements is true?
    

1. 
   The French Wars of Religion was responsible for the losses shown on the map.
   
2. 
   The Columbian Exchange was partly responsible for the losses shown on this map
   
3. 
   Wars by monarchs to put down rebellions by feudal nobles contributed to the losses shown.
   
4. 
   European states exploiting religious conflicts to promote their own political and economic interests contributed to the losses shown.
   

41. 
    The treaty that ended this conflict also contributed to all of the following EXCEPT?
    

1. 
   The increase in religious conflicts such as the French Wars of Religion.
   
2. 
   Marking the effective end of universal Christendom.
   
3. 
   The granting of control over religion to local leaders.
   
4. 
   The acceleration of the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.