Assimilation, accomodation, elision
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| LECTURE V
ASSIMILATION, ACCOMODATION, ELISION The influence of the articulation of one consonant upon the other making it similar to itself is called assimilation. The consonant which articulation is modified is called assimilated; the consonant, which influences the articulation of the neighbouring consonant, is called assimilating. Assimilation may affect the following features of articulation:
The place of obstruction is affected by assimilation in the following cases: the alveolar consonants [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z] become dental before the dental consonants [θ], [∂], e.g. month, tenth, in them, read this, sixth, filthy, wealth. The place of obstruction and the active organ of speech are affected by assimilation in the following cases. In words with the prefix con- in a stressed position the forelingual, alveolar [n] is replaced by the backlingual, velar [ŋ] followed by [k], [g], e.g. conquest, congress, concrete. It takes place in the root of the word too, e.g. think, language. It takes place in “I can go”, when a vowel in an unstressed position is omitted: [aı kŋ g u]. But there is no assimilation if the prefix is unstressed: congratulation, concussion. In what cases is the position of the lips affected by assimilation? The bilabial sonorant [w] makes the preceding consonant labialized, e.g. quick, twenty, swim, language. The position of the lips is not affected if [w] belongs to the following word, e.g. read well. The work of the vocal cords is affected in the following cases. A voiced consonant may be replaced by a voiceless one under the influence of the neighbouring voiceless phoneme and visa versa, e.g. newspaper [`nju:speip ], gooseberry [`guzbrı]. The work of the vocal cords is also affected when the English sonorants [m], [n], [l], [r], [j], [w] are partly devoiced before a vowel when they are preceded by a voiceless consonant. E.g. small, please, slow, try, quick, pew. The position of the soft palate is affected by assimilation in the following cases. It takes place when nasal consonants influence oral ones. E.g. let me [lemmi], give me [gimmi]. Alveolar [t], [d] may become similar to [n]. E.g. kindness [´kaınnıs], sandwich [´sænwıt ], grandmother [grænm ∂ ]. In handkerchief assimilation had two stages: the consonant changed into [n] which in its turn changed into [ŋ] under the influence of [k]. In this case both the place of obstruction and the active organ were affected by assimilation. There are several cases when the manner of the production of noise is affected by assimilation:
The influence of a vowel upon a consonant or visa versa is called adaptation, or accommodation. The accommodated sound doesn’t change its main phonemic features. E.g.:
The omission of sounds in rapid speech is called elision. It takes place within words as well as at their boundaries. E.g. phonetics [f ´netiks], all right [o: ´rait]. There are three degrees of assimilation in English: complete, partial and intermediate. Assimilation is complete when the neighbouring sounds fully coincide in their articulation. E.g.: horse-shoe [´ho: u:]. The sound [s] completely changes into [ ]. In rapid speech does she is pronounced [´d ı] Assimilation is partial when the assimilated phoneme retains its main phonemic features and becomes only partly similar in some feature of its articulation to the assimilating phoneme. E.g. tenth. The phoneme [n] changes its place of obstruction and retains all the other features. Assimilation is intermediate between partial and complete when the assimilated phoneme changes completely but doesn’t coincide with the assimilating. Examples of intermediate assimilation are gooseberry, where the phoneme [s] in goose [gu:s] is replaced by the phoneme [z] under the influence of [b] in berry; congress, where the phoneme [n] is replaced by the phoneme [ŋ] under the influence of [g]. According to its direction assimilation may be progressive, regressive and double or reciprocal. In progressive assimilation the preceding phoneme influences the following. This can be represented by the formula A → B, where A is the assimilating phoneme, and B the assimilated phoneme. For example in the word place the fully voiced variant of the consonant phoneme [l] is assimilated to the phoneme [p] and is replaced by a partly devoiced variant of the same phoneme. In What’s this?, it’s the consonant phoneme [z] (is) is replaced by the phoneme [s] under the influence of the phoneme [t]. In regressive assimilation the preceding phoneme is influenced by the one following it A ← B. For example, the voiced consonant phoneme [z] in news is replaced by the voiceless phoneme [s] in the compound newspaper under the influence of the voiceless phoneme [s]. Or in the word tenth the consonant phoneme [n] is influenced by the following [θ]. In double (reciprocal) assimilation the adjacent phonemes influence each other more or less equally. For example, in twenty, quick the sonorant [w] is assimilated to the voiceless plosive phonemes [t] and [k] respectively by becoming partly devoiced. In their turn, the consonant phonemes [t] and [k] are assimilated to the phoneme [w] and are represented by their labialized variants. Historical assimilation is the result of the changes which tool place at earlier stages of the development of the language. Thus a regular series of assimilations took place in the English language in words where the consonant phonemes [s], [z], [t] were followed by [ı] or [j] provided these combinations of phonemes occurred in unstressed syllables. Reciprocal assimilation which took place in the combinations [sj], [zj], [tj], [tı] changed them into [ ], [ ], [t ] respectively, e.g. occasion, session, question, nature. While the combinations of the phonemes [tı], [tj] have changed, as a result of assimilation, into [t ] in the unstressed syllable of the words nature, culture, no assimilation has taken place in mature because –ture is stressed. The existence of two pronunciations of the word issue ([´ısju:] and [´ı ju:]) shows that assimilations of this type are still going on in the English language. At word boundaries such as “does she’, “used to”, “horse-shoe” we have contextual assimilation. In contextual assimilation a word with an assimilated sound comes to have a pronunciation different from that which it has when said by itself. When assimilation is obligatory it is established. Its absence gives the impression of mispronunciation. E.g. conquest, question, newspaper. When assimilation is the result of carelessness and cannot be considered a literary norm it is accidental. E.g. Let me [´lemmı]. It must be mentioned, that the same changes, though with some variations, are typical not only to English. To illustrate this we may draw examples from other languages. Russian: дуб пилим, дуб большой German: es gibt Italian: ben presto Latvian: lab dien, lab vakar French: apelle mois Directory: 2015 2015 -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 2015 -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d 2015 -> Police Militarization 2015 -> Medical Radiography Program 2015 -> 2015 ihbb championships: hs history Bowl Round 4 – Prelims First Quarter 2015 -> Desk review yemen 2015 -> Wrtp/big step · 3841 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, wi 53208 2015 -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad 2015 -> Rao bulletin 1 December 2015 html edition this bulletin contains the following articles 2015 -> Volume Ⅴ (2015) On The 2015 China Victory Day Parade Download 18.75 Kb. Share with your friends:
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