Chapter 14-15 Test Review ap world History

1. 
   What region in the “New World” experienced the least racial mixing and was the least willing to recognize the offspring of interracial unions?
   

2. Why were Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain the first to expand into the New World?

3. Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World?

4. The colonial economy of the Spanish Empire in former Aztec and Inca lands was based on…

5. How did many Native Americans in Mesoamerica and Peru respond to Spanish missionaries’ efforts to convert them to Catholicism?

6. What of the following motivated Europeans to venture across the Atlantic Ocean?

8. The Mughal ruler Akbar favored policies that promoted what type of culture? (hint: modeled after others)

9. What was the Ottoman Empire’s policy toward the Christian population in southeastern Europe? How did that affect their communities?

10. What contributed to the great dying in the Americas?

11. What was the Columbian exchange? What items were exchanged?

12. What was mercantilism?

13. What type of agricultural economy was most present in British North America?

14. What happened to the native populations of the steppes and Siberia as a consequence of Russian imperial expansion?

15. In the conflict between the Islamic and Christian worlds, which event in the fifteenth century signaled that the Islamic world held the upper hand?

16. What was a result of Russia’s westward expansion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

17. What did the Portuguese do after they established sea routes to the Indian Ocean?

18. What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese strongholds in the Indian Ocean basin?

19. What was one main difference between how the British East India Company operated in Mughal India and how the Dutch East India Company operated in what is now Indonesia?

20. How did the Tokugawa shoguns treat Europeans in Japan in the early seventeenth century?

21. What was a result of the fur trade in North America, in the early modern period, on the Native population?

22. How did Europeans get African slaves? Be specific.

23. When did the number of slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas peak? (What Century)

24. How was the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas different from past instances of slavery in world history?

25. What was an incentive for the Portuguese to find a direct sea route to Asia?

26. The Philippine Islands was established as a _________________colony in the ____________century?

27. By what means/practice did European countries seek to control trade in Asia from 1450 to 1750?

28. Who were the middlemen for silver traveling from the America’s to Asia?

29. What effect did the silver trade have on Spain?

30. What is African diaspora? Why did it happen?

31. The origins of the Atlantic slave trade were associated with what cash crop?

32. How did the slave trade have both a positive and negative affect on African states?

Essay Preparation
Be ready to critically describe European empire building in the Americas

Be ready to discuss which societies benefited and suffered the most from European trading networks?

TOP: Section: The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire

TOP: Section: The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire

In terms of a single phenomenon:

 Europeans shared similar disease advantages in the Americas.

 They used similar technologies and resources to establish their empires.

 They exploited similar resources.

 They were for the most part involved in the slave trade.

In terms of distinct and separate processes:

 Colonies were established at different times.

 They produced different commodities and raw materials.

 Rule varied with the cultures and policies of the colonizing power, the character of the Native American cultures, and the kind of economy established in a particular region.

 In the lands of the Aztecs and the Incas, the Spanish empire ruled over the most densely settled of the indigenous populations in the Americas and developed an economic system based on commercial agriculture and mining. Under such circumstances, colonial rule replicated something of the Spanish class hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans.

 In the plantation colonies of Brazil and the Caribbean, colonial powers ruled over regions where no earlier civilization existed and where the production of sugar for export defined the economy. In these regions, large numbers of Africans were imported as slave labor, and a considerable amount of racial mixing took place. From the mixed-race population were drawn much of the urban skilled workforce and supervisors in the sugar industry, as well as some prominent members of the community. A variation on the colonial rule of a plantation-based economy occurred in British North America, where the raising of different crops (including tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo), less racial mixing, and a self-reproducing slave workforce shaped a different society.

 A third distinctive type of colonial society within an empire emerged in the northern British colonies of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. Upon the arrival of British settlers, these regions were not heavily settled with Native Americans, in part because of the ravages of European-borne epidemic diseases. Because of the availability of land, the climate and geography of North America, and the “outsider” status of many British settlers, they set up an economic and social system of small independent farmers without sharp class hierarchy, large rural estates, or dependent laborers. Because of weak British rule, the largely literate population of the region developed traditions of local self-government, elected colonial assemblies, and vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.

PTS: 1
2. ANS:

A good essay should include the following:
An analysis of all of the major regions of the world including the following points:

 In terms of who benefited the most, Western Europe and Russia benefited from the trade networks because of the profits they derived from the trade and the increased flow of resources and goods into those regions.

 China, whose economy was able to commercialize more rapidly (thanks in part to access to silver through European trading networks), also benefited.

 In terms of who suffered, the indigenous societies of the Americas benefited little from the trade networks, as Europeans extracted, and profited the most from, the resources of the Americas.

 West African societies also suffered, as their participation in the European trading network led to slow population growth, economic stagnation, and political instability.

 The indigenous peoples of the Philippines and of some of the Spice Islands also suffered at the hands of European traders and their trade networks.