Chapter 14
New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of ________.
spiritual harmonies
the motion of atoms
their relation to celestial vibrations
mathematical relationships
Answer: D
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by ________.
Newton
Galileo
Brahe
Kepler
Answer: D
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in ________.
medicine
natural history
chemistry
astronomy
Answer: D
Page Ref: 418
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?
Tycho Brahe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
Answer: B
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Answer: B
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Who is known as the father of empiricism?
Isaac Newton
Francis Bacon
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Answer: B
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?
René Descartes
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler
Answer: A
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and ________.
modality
God
metaphor
mind
Answer: D
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Hobbes saw human beings as ________.
naturally docile
basically good
basically just
self-centered, power-hungry creatures
Answer: D
Page Ref: 426
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of ________.
natural history
medicine
astronomy
biology
Answer: C
Page Ref: 433
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700?
1.5 to 2 million
2,000 to 3,000
500,000 to 600,000
70,000 to 100,000
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?
80 percent
100 percent
50 percent
10 percent
Answer: A
Page Ref: 441
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by ________.
noble women
merchant’s wives
elderly or widowed women
male barbers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 443
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
Baroque art first emerged in ________.
Paris, France
papal Rome
Florence, Italy
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Answer: B
Page Ref: 445
Skill: Factual
Topic: Baroque Art
Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ________.
he wanted to flatter his patrons
looking for famous names, he could only think of the Medicis
he was in love with a Medici noblewoman
it was the custom to name heavenly bodies after living people
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus’s breakthrough was to show how ________.
the earth moved around the sun
the sun moved around the earth
the sun was dotted with sun spots
the earth was accompanied by other planets in our solar system
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his views about strong central government in his book ________.
Second Treatise of Government
Leviathan
Discourse on Method
Gulliver’s Travels
Answer: B
Page Ref: 426
Skill: Factual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Baroque art became associated with ________.
the Renaissance
English nobility
Roman Catholicism
popular Protestantism
Answer: C
Page Ref: 445
Skill: Factual
Topic: Baroque Art
Jonathan Swift’s satire of the new sciences was ________.
Leviathan
Gulliver’s Travels
First Treatise of Government
Letter Concerning Toleration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
Brahe’s assistant was ________.
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Johannes Kepler
John Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 420
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
The scientist most known for his work on the laws of gravitation was ________.
Tycho Brahe
Isaac Newton
Francis Bacon
John Locke
Answer: B
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
The most famous institution dedicated to the new sciences was the ________.
Berlin Academy of Science
Royal Society of London
University of Paris
French Academy of Science
Answer: B
Page Ref: 430
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
The woman who brought René Descartes to advise on the new science academy was ________.
Queen Christina of Sweden
Maria Cunitz
Elisabetha Hevelius
Maria Winkelmann
Answer: A
Page Ref: 432
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The author of Pensées, published posthumously, was _________.
Denis Diderot
René de Chateaubriand
René Descartes
Blaise Pascal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Factual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
The clergy _________ the search for witches.
condemned
ignored
endorsed
pitied
Answer: C
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Factual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
Baroque art aligned with the ideas of the scientific revolution because it ________.
paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural world
departed from classic religious scenes
depicted largely mathematical ideas
was commissioned by the leaders of the new scientific world
Answer: A
Page Ref: 444
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the heavens combined the works of ________.
Ptolemy and Aristotle
Plato and Aristotle
Aquinas and Bacon
Socrates and Plato
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Which of the following is Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science?
He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.
He did groundbreaking scientific research in which he suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun.
He proved Copernicus’s research incorrect and published his own geocentric findings.
He proved that the moon and other planets revolved around the earth.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 420
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Newton was a strong supporter of ________.
empiricism
inspiration
divine guidance
rationalism
Answer: A
Page Ref: 422
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Many proponents of mechanism believed________.
machines should do the work of humans
human beings were machines, slaves to religion
humans are machines whose purpose is to produce knowledge
the world can be explained in mechanical metaphors
Answer: D
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Francis Bacon believed that________.
the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles
knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition
knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine
the best era of human history lay in antiquity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 423
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by ________.
becoming selfless and obeying others
taking part in a tacit contract
naturally being sociable
embracing Christianity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 427
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
In Locke’s view, the relationship between rulers and the governed has its foundation in __________.
military power
divine will
trust
economic inequality
Answer: C
Page Ref: 428
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
According to Pascal’s famous wager, ________.
it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost
it is best to live life to the fullest, regardless of your religious beliefs, and if God does exist, seek forgiveness near the end of your life
it is best to believe that God does not exist so that if he does exist, you will be joyful rather than disappointed
only one person in a hundred would be saved
Answer: A
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?
The droughts causing famine, especially in Ireland, led to the death of many, and because the witches claimed to control the weather, they were to blame.
Witches were primarily women, and because women bore children that were causing an economic and scientific panic, they were to blame.
The corrupt government needed a distraction from the bad publicity, and because the same women that were suspected of being witches were spreading the news of corruption, politicians saw witch hunts as an answer to both of their problems.
Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
The witch hunts ended because, among other things, ________.
they threatened the social order
Protestants were more preoccupied with the devil
the power of words seemed greater after Gutenberg
no judges were left
Answer: A
Page Ref: 444
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Continuing Superstition
Charles I’s employment of Rubens illustrated to the people of England that ________.
baroque art demonstrated religious truths
Charles opposed a monarchial government
Galileo was incorrect and should be condemned
Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 445–446
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was ________.
Pope Urban VIII’s tabernacle in Rome
Charles I’s palace in London
Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles
Franz Joseph’s palace in Vienna
Answer: C
Page Ref: 446
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Baroque Art
The heliocentric universe was introduced by ________.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Answer: A
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
As Brahe’s assistant, Kepler ________.
stayed closely aligned to the theories of Brahe long after Brahe’s death
grew jealous of Brahe’s fame and worked to discount the research they had completed together
was considered inferior to Brahe as a scientist
helped collect the scientific data and then interpreted it in his own way after Brahe’s death
Answer: A
Page Ref: 420–421
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Prior to 1600, the scientific world viewed Copernicus’s understanding of the universe with ________.
full acceptance and approval
complete rejection
caution and interest
religious outrage and condemnation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 419
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists?
It increased the accuracy of physical observations.
It required a new level of mathematical accuracy.
It improved navigation.
It required increased attention to scientific subjects.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked ________.
Locke’s method
the use of reason alone
the church
received truths
Answer: D
Page Ref: 425
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an idea embraced by ________.
Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Descartes
Hobbes, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke
Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes
Bacon, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 428
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
How did scientists interact with universities during the scientific revolution?
Universities were often criticized by scientists.
Universities were generally praised by scientists.
Scientists were eager to be hired by universities.
Universities wanted to take credit for the discoveries of scientists.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 429
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as ________.
forums for intellectual exchange
political clubs
social gatherings
closely linked to universities
Answer: A
Page Ref: 430
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
The Enlightenment was the ________.
eighteenth-century movement that held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science
twentieth-century movement that brought scientists and philosophers together to reconcile their differences on the state of the natural world
eighteenth-century movement that attempted to interpret the events of scripture based on scientific observations of the natural world
nineteenth-century movement that saw the growth of industry and the increase of manufacturing
Answer: A
Page Ref: 432
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann’s application to continue her husband’s study because ________.
she was a woman
her husband had died
her work was considered inferior to the work of other scientists
she had angered the upper level hierarchy of the Academy
Answer: A
Page Ref: 433
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The book on astronomy by Maria Cunitz was ________.
initially rejected by the scientific world
recognized as her own work only after her husband added a preface
considered an important accomplishment for a woman of her day
widely read and distributed in universities
Answer: B
Page Ref: 432–433
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ________.
should be explained by scientists
must be compatible since they shared the same author
are directly opposed on countless points and must be reconciled
are inadequately explained by the Roman Catholic Church
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
The scope of witchcraft persecutions showed that _________.
the Catholic Church was losing its power
the Protestant Reformation had run its course
the wars of religion were over
belief in witchcraft was common
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Continuing Superstition
Which of the following is true of the scientific revolution?
It was not rapid.
It involved a large collective of people that numbered in the thousands.
It was a unified movement.
Everything associated with the revolution was new and groundbreaking.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 418
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
The greatest example of empiricism is shown by the work of ________.
Blaise Pascal
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
Thomas Hobbes
Ptolemy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 419–421
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
Opposing ________, it was natural that the scientific revolution would also often find itself in opposition to _________.
reason; the church
received truths; political authority
the deductive method; empiricism
scholasticism; universities
Answer: D
Page Ref: 429
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
Pascal’s attitude toward reason was that it was ________.
un-Christian
of little use
insufficient for grasping religious concepts
superior to faith in understanding the world
Answer: C
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
Share with your friends: |