China File 1 China = Threat 2
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China FileChina File 1 ***China = Threat 2 Western Bias 3 Aggressive Intentions 4 Aggressive Doctrine 7 Equalize Power 9 China Rise 10 AT: Treaties Prove 14 ***China = Not a Threat 16 Western Bias 17 Peaceful Intentions 18 Space Treaties 20 Co-op Increasing 21 AT: Equalize Power 22 AT: China Rise 23
***China = ThreatWestern BiasWestern media underestimates China Lakes 2011- Geopolitics (Eli, “China deemed biggest threat to U.S.”, march 10th, 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/10/china-deemed-biggest-threat-to-us/?page=1) After Mr. Clapper clarified that he was speaking about capabilities and not intentions, Mr. Levin said, “I was just as surprised by that answer as your first answer. You’re saying that China now has the intent to be a mortal adversary of the United States?”Mr. Clapper responded, “Well the question is who, from my vantage, from among the nation states who would pose potentially the greatest [threat] if I had to pick one country, which I am loathe to do because I am more of the mind to consider their capabilities, both Russia and China potentially represent a broad threat to the United States. I don’t think either country today has the intent to mortally attack us.” Defense officials have acknowledged that U.S. intelligence agencies have underestimated China's military capabilities. But the intelligence community is beginning to express more concerns about China's military buildup, which has been carried out largely in secret. Army Lt. Gen. Ronald L. Burgess Jr., the Defense Intelligence Agency director, appeared with Mr. Clapper and agreed that China’s power projection is growing. “While remaining focused on Taiwan as a primary mission, China will, by 2020, lay the foundation for a force able to accomplish broader and regional global objectives,” he said. Gen. Burgess said China's military “continues to face deficiencies in interservice cooperation and actual experience in joint exercises and combat operations. Aggressive IntentionsInternal statements prove the PLA wants war in space Wortzel, 7 – PhD in political science from the University of Hawaii, Vice-President for Foreign Policy and Defense Studies at SSI [10/17, Larry, “ The Chinese People's Liberation Army and Space Warfare: Emerging United States-China Military Competition”, American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/paper/26977, AL] Space operations and warfare in space are components of what the PLA calls "informationalized," or information age, warfare.[17] In general, PLA strategists are convinced that space will be one of the natural domains of war and that war in space will be an integral part of other military operations.[18] Moreover, PLA authors are convinced that "future enemy military forces will depend heavily on information systems in military operations." Therefore, they believe, China needs to break through the technological barriers and develop information system countermeasures in space.[19] Two authors writing in China Military Science, the PLA's premier military theory journal, believe that "it is in space that information age warfare will come to its more intensive points. Future war must combine information, firepower, and mobility."[20] They believe that future latent military threats will primarily come in aerospace. Like these authors, other military theorists are convinced that "the atmosphere and space will become the primary battlefields [in high technology war], and the dividing line between them will be blurred."[21] Some are convinced that in future wars, space will be used to "carry out war between space platforms and to attack strategic surface and air targets."[22] In order to conduct warfare in space, attack targets in space, or conduct surface or air attacks from space, theorists in the PLA and other Chinese research institutes advocate research into forms of laser weapons, particle beam weapons, and other forms of directed energy and electromagnetic systems.[23] And not all of this research is limited to military theory. There are also PLA organizations conducting basic and applied research into space-to-ground kinetic weapons systems.[24] Senior Colonel Zhang Zhiwei and Lieutenant Colonel Feng Zhuanjiang, both of the Nanjing Army Command Academy, argue that "space supremacy" must be an integral part of other forms of supremacy over the battlefield.[25] They see this as a necessary and logical extension of other forms of military conflict. The bottom line is that the PLA sees war in space as an integrated part of military operations and that offensive and defensive operations are blending.[26] Chinese satellite advances give it an advantage over the US – they’re rattling the saber Reuters, 6/12 – respected news source [“China Ramps Up Military Space Efforts: Claim”, http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/jsp_includes/articlePrint.jsp?headLine=China%20Ramps%20Up%20Military%20Space%20Efforts:%20Claim&storyID=news/awx/2011/07/12/awx_07_12_2011_p0-346891.xml, AL] China is developing cutting-edge satellites that will allow it to project power far beyond its shores and deter the United States from using aircraft carriers in any future conflict over its rival Taiwan, a report said. The piece in October’s Journal of Strategic Studies, a U.K.-published defense and security journal, runs at odds with China’s stated opposition to the militarization of space. But the report, an advance copy of which was obtained by Reuters, said that the rapid development of advanced reconnaissance satellites to enable China to track hostile forces in real time and guide ballistic missiles has become a key to the modernisation of its forces. While the United States used to be unrivaled in this area, China is catching up fast, it added. “China’s constellation of satellites is transitioning from the limited ability to collect general strategic information, into a new era in which it will be able to support tactical operations as they happen,” the report said. “China may already be able to match the United States’ ability to image a known, stationary target and will likely surpass it in the flurry of launches planned for the next two years.” Beijing has consistently denied it has anything other than peaceful plans for space and says its growing military spending and prowess are for defensive purposes and modernization of outdated forces. But with the recent unveiling of a stealth fighter, the expected launch of its first aircraft carriers and more aggressive posture over territorial disputes such as one in the South China Sea, Beijing has rattled nerves regionally and globally. Tensions are high and both sides are aggressive Chan, 2/22 – writer for world socialists [John, “US threatens “military option” against China over space arms race”, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/feb2011/usch-f22.shtml, AL] These tensions have been exacerbated since Obama took office. The White House embarked on an even more aggressive course toward China, signalling a full-scale campaign on strategic, diplomatic and currency fronts by announcing $6.4 billion arms sales to Taiwan. In January 2010, Beijing responded with an anti-ballistic missile test, designed to show Washington that Beijing was also developing a missile defence system. The Obama administration reacted by reiterating the line of the former Bush presidency. A cable sent by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton instructed US diplomats to demand that Australia, Japan and South Korea once again join “in demarching China in a fashion similar to the US approach”. Clinton sharply asked in the démarche: “Which foreign ballistic missile threats are China’s BMD development and testing program intended to defend against?” Clinton instructed embassy officials that if they were asked about the Obama administration’s position on China’s anti-missile test, they must restate the US objections to China’s 2007 test. She stated that the January 2008 US démarches threatening China with a “military option” were “still valid and reflect the policy of the United States”. The threat against China was underscored by this month’s US National Security Space Strategy (NSSS) report. It calls for the establishment of a network of “partnering nations”, such as Japan and Australia, for the “collaborative sharing of space capabilities in crisis and conflict”. In an indirect warning to China, the Pentagon declares: “We believe it is in the interests of all space-faring nations to avoid hostility in space. In spite of this, some actors may still believe counterspace actions could provide military advantage.” The report said the US military “must deny and defeat an adversary’s ability to achieve its objectives”. In other words, the US may carry out pre-emptive strikes on Chinese anti-satellite systems as a means to deny China the capacity to attack the US space arsenal. US Deputy Defence Secretary Gregory Schulte told reporters that the US “retains the option to respond in self-defence to attacks in space, and the response may not be in space, either”. From sharp but secret exchanges between the two governments, the US belligerence to China’s satellite and missile programs has been made public via the NSSS report, itself an indicator of the emerging danger of war between the US and China. Internal PLA statements prove aggressiveness Listner, 4/25 – writer for the space review [Michael, “An exercise in the Art of War: China’s National Defense white paper, outer space, and the PPWT”, the Space Review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1828/1, AL] “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the outcome of a hundred battles.”2 The United States is in a unique position among the nations of the world regarding the development of and the reliance upon its outer space systems. These systems not only provide national security functions, but also support the economy and civilian sector as well. It is this reliance that makes those outer space systems particularly vulnerable. The PRC recognizes both this reliance and vulnerability. A 2007 report to Congress from the State Department’s Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division3 addressing the PRC’s January 11, 2007, ASAT test quoted the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time, General Peter Pace. At a March 7, 2007, news conference regarding the ASAT test, General Pace notes several comments made by PRC military and foreign policy personnel concerning the threat of the United States’ outer-space systems to the PRC’s national security: “Various comments by PLA officers and PRC civilian analysts have justified the ASAT test as needed to counter perceived U.S. ‘hegemony’ in space and target the vulnerability of U.S. dependence on satellites.” “A PLA Air Force colonel wrote in late 2006 that U.S. military power, including long-range strikes, have relied on superiority in space and that leveraging space technology can allow a rising power to close the gap with advanced countries more rapidly than trying to catch up.” “A PRC specialist at Fudan University indicated that China’s ASAT program is developed partly to maintain China’s nuclear deterrence, perceived as undermined by U.S. space assets.” The PRC understands the advantage the United States has with it space systems, and that they are critical to its military operations. The PRC also understands that the best way to counter this advantage is to deny the United States the use of its space systems. These open-source statements are not all-inclusive and raise the question of whether they actually reflect the true policy of the PRC. While it is difficult to rely solely on open source literature and commentary from the PRC as a persuasive warning that United States’ outer space systems are vulnerable, neither should they be idly be dismissed.4 PRC legitimacy relies on space dominance Beclard, [no date] (Julien, “The North South Divide in Global Security: Regulating a global common,” Declard is a professor at the University of Free Studies in Bruxelles) The!desire!for developing!an!ambitious!Indian!space!programme!was!also!clearly! motivated! by! a! strong! political! motivation.! Space! was! supposed! to strengthen! India’s!role!and!influence!within!the community!of!nations.!In!this!respect,!space! contributes! substantially! to! the! country’s! position! as! “the$ dominant$ political$ power$in$the$South$Asian$region,$as$a$leader$of$the$nonBaligned$movement$as$well$ as$a$powerful$rival$of$neighbouring$China$and$antagonist$of$Pakistan”11 .! Thus,!beyond!the!socioeconomic!motivation underlying!space!programs,!one!has! also! to! bring! into! the! light! that,! on! the! political! level, space! is also a! dramatic! competition! for! influence! and! prestige. Authorities! expect space! initiatives! to! improve national! prestige,! both! domestically! and! internationally. Successful! space! missions! generate! domestic! pride! and! demonstrate! the! regime’s! competence.! These! are! the! classical! trappings! of! what! scholars! have! come! to! identify! as! “techno7nationalism” 12 .! This! offers! a! useful! framework! for! understanding!the!motivations!of!developing!great!power!such!as!China: “It$helps$ to$answer$such$questions$as$why$would$China,$with$over$1.3$billion$people$to$feed,$ house$and$keep$employed,$spend$money$on$manned$space$program” 13 .!Fuelled!by! the!ideology!of!techno7nationalism,!the!Chinese!space!program!appears!to!have! emerged!as!a!further!unifying!vector!geared!towards!solidifying!the!party’s!grip.! As! such,! Chinese! space! policy! is! further! symptom of! China’s! specific! brand of! techno7nationalism!which!is:!aimed!at!enhancing!the!regime’s!legitimacy;!whilst! attracting!FDI!in!innovative!industries,!and!fostering!a!national!economy!that!is! more!competitive!than!collaborative!in!securing!technology14 . Space! turns! out! to! be a! determinant!medium! for! the! acquisition! or! exercise! of! power,! strategic,! economic,! ideological,! but! always! with! profound! political! implications15 .! The! benefits! of! the! exploration! and! use! of! outer! space! are! to! accrue! all! states! standard! of! living,! including! the! developing! countries.! But,! in! practice, the! benefits of! technology! seem unequally distributed! between! developed!and!developing!countries16 . There!is indeed a!growing!demand!by!the! developing! countries! for! a! more! active! involvement in! space! activities! and! A greater!voice!in!determining!how!the!benefits!of!space technology!can!be!applied! to!resolving real!world!problems17 A!growing!number!of regional!and!global!intergovernmental!conferences18 have! clearly! shown! that! developing! countries! are! aware! of! the! significant! value! of! spatial! technologies! such! as! satellite remote! sensing! and! global! navigation! satellite!systems,!for!a!wide!variety!of!their!development!activities The PRC has two faces – prefer internal statements to diplomatic facades Listner, 4/25 – writer for the space review [Michael, “An exercise in the Art of War: China’s National Defense white paper, outer space, and the PPWT”, the Space Review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1828/1, AL] “Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance.” As noted earlier, much of the insight into the PRC’s intentions are the result of open-source information; however, there is evidence from official channels that may indicate the intentions and policy of the PRC. An article from the Washington Times reported on an missile-defense test performed by the PRC in 2010 using components of the ASAT system used in the January 2007 test.13 The information concerning the test was gleaned by from a diplomatic cable belonging to the United States and disclosed by Wikileaks.14 In addition to the information relating to the missile-defense test, the disclosed cable purportedly notes concerns from United States’ diplomats that Beijing has duplicitous motives in regards to the issue of weapons in spaces. The international community should continue to be wary of the public perception that the PRC works so hard to manufacture and promote. According to the article, the cable purportedly contains concerns from United States’ diplomats that, while Beijing is promoting international treaties to limit or ban weapons in outer space, it is secretly developing its own missile defense and space weapons programs. The article continues that Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates, during a recent visit to Beijing, offered to hold talks with China on missile defense, space weapons, nuclear weapons, and cyber weapons, but was apparently rebuffed, with the PRC relegating the offer to be studied. If accurate, diplomatic channels seem to verify that while publically touting its intention to prevent a arms race in space, the PRC is willing to do so only on its terms and through mechanisms like the PPWT to the exclusion of other methods, all the while increasing its ability to neutralize United States space systems and gain an upper hand in outer space. The space race is already underway between Russia, China, and the US The Economist, 1/30 – respected news magazine [“Spooks in orbit: The other space programme”, http://www.economist.com/node/18895010, AL] DESPITE its strong inheritance of military DNA (much of it, somewhat counterintuitively, coming from the American navy), NASA is a civilian agency, set up that way in deliberate contrast to the military-run Soviet space programme. In practice, the distinction is not always so clear-cut: NASA has done plenty of work for the Pentagon. But America’s armed forces maintain a separate space programme of their own, largely out of the public eye. Although hard numbers are difficult to come by, it is thought that the military space budget has matched or exceeded NASA’s every year since 1982. All the signs are that it is roaring ahead. The air force’s public space budget (as opposed to the secret part) will increase by nearly 10% next year, to $8.7 billion, with much of it going on a new generation of rockets. Bruce Carlson, director of the National Reconnaissance Office, the secretive outfit that runs America’s spy satellites, announced in 2010 that his agency was embarking on “the most aggressive launch schedule…undertaken in the last 25 years”. Much of the money goes on satellites—spy satellites for keeping tabs on other countries, communications satellites for soldiers to talk to each other, and even the Global Positioning System satellites, designed to guide soldiers and bombs to their targets, and now expanded to aid civilian navigation. But there are more exotic programmes. The air force runs one for anti-satellite warfare, designed to destroy or disable enemy birds. Another includes experimental aircraft, such as the X-37, a cut-down, unmanned descendant of the space shuttle. The air force will not say what the X-37 is for. One theory is that it is a spy plane, designed to catch savvy targets that know how to go to ground when spy satellites—which have predictable orbits—are overhead. Another is that it is intended to destroy satellites, or to drop bombs from orbit. Other nations are flexing their muscles. American commanders report that China regularly fires powerful lasers into the sky, demonstrating their ability to dazzle or blind satellites. In 2007 a Chinese missile destroyed an old weather satellite, creating a huge field of orbiting debris. Afterwards, Russia spoke publicly about its anti-satellite weapons. This is one space race that is well under way. China is rapidly expanding and focused on blocking the US out of space and gaining a military advantage Rabitnovich, 7/11 – writer for the financial times [Simon, “China’s ‘eye-in-the-sky’ nears par with US”, The Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cf83817a-abaa-11e0-8a64-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1ThnHkNI6, AL] China’s rapidly expanding satellite programme could alter power dynamics in Asia and reduce the US military’s scope for operations in the region, according to new research. Chinese reconnaissance satellites can now monitor targets for up to six hours a day, the World Security Institute, a Washington think-tank, has concluded in a new report. The People’s Liberation Army, which could only manage three hours of daily coverage just 18 months ago, is now nearly on a par with the US military in its ability to monitor fixed targets, according to the findings. “Starting from almost no live surveillance capability 10 years ago, today the PLA has likely equalled the US’s ability to observe targets from space for some real-time operations,” two of the institute’s China researchers, Eric Hagt and Matthew Durnin, write in the Journal of Strategic Studies. China’s rapidly growing military might has unnerved its neighbours, many of whom are US allies, while a series of disputes this year with Vietnam and the Philippines have added to the concerns. China’s military build-up has accelerated in recent years, as it has developed an anti-ship ballistic missile, tested a stealth fighter and is poised to launch its first aircraft carrier. The fast-growing network of reconnaissance satellites provides China with the vision to harness this hardware. Admiral Mike Mullen, America’s top military official, said at the weekend in Beijing that it was clear that the PLA is focused on “access denial” – a term that describes a strategy of pushing the US out of the western Pacific. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 127 Kb. Share with your friends:
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