Project on Standards and Regulation regarding a Bird Strike

LIST OF FIGURE 2

ABSTRACT 3

1 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 What Is A Bird Strike? 4

1.2 Bird strike accident 26 February, 1973 4

1.3 Factors needed to be taken into account to study bird strike 4

1.3.1 Birds Classification or Taxonomy 4

1.3.2 Effect of bird weights and density on strikes 4

1.3.3Unpredictable bird behavioural response 5

1.4 Bird behaviour that may create aviation hazards 5

1.4.1 Bird flight 5

1.4.2 Bird flight altitudes 5

1.4.3 Soaring and Gliding 5

1.4.4 Towering 5

1.4.5 Soaring and Gliding 6

1.4.6 Daily bird activities 6

1.4.7 Preventive Strategies 6

1.5 INTERESTING FACTS WE NEED TO KNOE ABOUT BIRD STRIKES 7

2 WILDLIFE-STRIKE COSTS 8

2.1 An Impact-Force Equation 8

2.2 Costs Of Wildlife-Damage To Aircraft 8

2.2.1 Jet engines 9

2.2.2 Piston, turboprop and turboshaft engines 11

2.2.3 Windshields 11

2.2.4 Wing and tail structures 12

2.2.5 Landing gear 13

2.2.6 Other components 14

2.2.7 Delayed-effect damage 14

2.3 Cost Of Aircraft By Striking Birds 15

2.3.1 Direct costs 15

2.3.2 Indirect costs 15

2.3.3 Ancillary costs 16

2.3.4 Hull-loss and fatalities costs 16

2.3.5 The total annual cost of bird strikes 17

3 WILDLIFE-STRIKE PREVENTION: THE SYSTEM SAFETY APPROACH 18

3.1 Shooting Birds: 18

3.2 Egg Oiling: 18

3.3 Overhead Netting and Grid Line: 19

3.4 Methyl Anthranilate (MA): 19

3.5 Drones: 19

3.6 Predators: 20

3.7 Avian Radar: 20

3.8 Landscape Management: 21

3.9 A border collie: 21

3.10 Lights on aircrafts: 21

4 GENERAL SOULUTION TO MINIMIZE THE BIRD STRIKE 23

4.1 The Airport And Surroundings 23

4.2 Air Traffic Service Providers: 24

4.3 The Pilots: 25

4.4 Air Operators: 28

4.5 Airframe and Engine Manufacturers: 31

CONCLUSION 34

REFERENCES 35