Foundation Briefs Advanced Level September/October Brief Resolved
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- Mega Events Help Build Infrastructure
Sports Help Other IndustriesStatistics Demonstrate Far-Reaching Impact of Sports Sector AMS Burrow, Gwen. “Not Just a Game: The Impact of Sports on the U.S. Economy.” Economic Modeling. July 9, 2013. http://www.economicmodeling.com/2013/07/09/not-just-a-game-the-impact-of-sports-on-u-s-economy/ Besides arts, entertainment, and recreation, the industries that benefit the most from the sports sector are educational services (private); other services; and health care & social assistance. 
What’s even more interesting, however, is to trace the ripple effect that sports occupations have on these industries. Initial, direct, and indirect show the jobs multiplier at work: 
Check out the dollars side of things: 
So even without an excessively rigorous study, at the end of the day we can feel more than a little justified about America’s obsession with sports. “Just a game”? Far from it. Who knew that when you took your kid out to the ballgame, you were doing your country so much good? Mega Events Help Build InfrastructureFinancial Impact of Super Bowl AMS Maine Heritage Policy Center. “The Economic Impact of Sporting Events.” 2014. http://www.mhpc.com/financial/the-economic-impact-of-sporting-events/ Numerous studies estimate the benefits to a host city of the Super Bowl. [2014]’s host city was New York. According to the NFL, estimates of the economic impact of Super Bowl XLVIII on the New York / New Jersey region range up to $600 million, an increase of 20 per cent over the numbers seen in New Orleans [in 2013] which boosted the recovery from Katrina. Superbowl Impact AMS
The impressive extent of gross economic impact fi·om a mega-sporting event is easy to be found in the media, industry reports and academic studies. Super Bowl 2008, hosted by Phoenix, generated $500.6 million in direct and indirect spending by visiting fans and organizations (KnowWPC, 2008). According to the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University, "the gross impact of a half billion dollars in the Arizona marketplace brings rejuvenation to an economy that has been weakened by a recession". Halkias, Robinson-Jacobs and Case (2011) cited the data from Legends Hospitality that, during the Super Bowl XLV 2009 in the Cowboy Stadium, game-day spending on food and drink was $89 per capita with total attendance of 103,219 spectators. Therefore, the on-site sale of food and beverage reached $9 million. Regarding to the Super Bowl XL VI 2011, accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers projected the direct spending could amount to approximately $200 million, whilst others estimated that the total economic impact, including multiplier effects as well as direct spending, could surpass $600 million. Positive Impact of the Olympic Games AMS Gong, Qi. Southwestern University of Economics and Finance. 2008. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2363&context=thesesdissertations A study on the Olympic Games from 1972 through 2008 by Preuss (2004) showed that the Games from 1972 to 2008 all had revenues that outweighed the costs, particularly, in Barcelona in 1992 when growth on revenues achieved a level of fifty percent. A study conducted by the Japan's Dentsu Institute for Human Studies regarding the 2002 World Cup, estimated a $24.8 billion positive impact for Japan and an $8.9 billion positive impact for South Korea (Finer, 2002). The gross economic impact is dramatically positive to the hosting communities, especially in the quotes ofleagues and sport boosters, which is prevailingly considered by the economists that the numbers are exaggerated. However, most of mega-sporting events created positive economic impact to the hosting communities (Chen, 2008; Balogu et al., 2010; Preuss, 2004). The economic impact study from Marheson and Baade (2004) admitted that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball tournament for Women's Final Four was incline to produce a positive economic impact, up to $100 million. How Big Events Help Build Infrastructure AMS International Monetary Fund. Finance and Development. March 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2010/03/pdf/fd0310.pdf Beyond the construction period, sports-event-generated infrastructure can provide the host metropolitan area or region with a continuing stream of economic benefits. The venues built for these events can be used for years or decades afterward. More important, upgrades to the transportation infrastructure can provide a significant boost to the local and regional economy, if local businesses are able to make use of the improved transportation structure. The indirect economic benefits generated by mega sporting events are potentially more important than the direct benefits, but are more difficult to quantify. One possible indirect benefit is the advertising effect of such events. Many Olympic host metropolitan areas and regions view the Olympics as a way to raise their profile on the world stage. In this sense, the intense media coverage before and during the Olympic Games or other big events is a form of advertising, possibly attracting tourists who would not have otherwise considered the ctiy or region, and who may generate significant, broad, and long-lasting economic benefits. If argued effectively, statistics involving mega international sporting events are one of the Pro’s biggest strong suits for this debate. United States Olympic and World Cup teams do receive public funding and therefore, the economic impact in the United States that results from mega events in the U.S. is relevant to this topic. Be careful to stay inside United States soil when discussing the economic impact—the U.S. has hosted the Olympic Games eight times and the World Cup in 1994—providing substantial evidence for economic results from the Games on U.S. territory. Advantages of Hosting Big sports Events AMS Wilson, Bill. “Top Sports Events ‘Boost Economy.’” February 16, 2010. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8516889.stm Web. 20 Aug. 2014 Hosting major sports events, such as the Winter Olympics or football World Cup, can help boost a city's economy and global image, a new report says. Social development also benefits, says the Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu report. It says hosting an event allows a city or country to move quickly on a wide range of issues and activities that might otherwise not get under way. Winter Olympic host Vancouver has used the games to build a convention centre, rapid transit rail line, and motorway. "Emerging countries and cities are seeking to distinguish themselves in the new economy by hosting major events to put themselves front and centre on the global stage," says the report's co-author Greg Pellegrino, of DTT.
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