Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology
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Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology 3G & 4G
By: Saad AL-Subaie ID:200600027
1. Increased efficiency - improved communications leads to faster transfer of information within businesses and between partners/customers. 2. You are rarely out of touch - you don't need to carry cables or adaptors in order to access office networks. 3. Greater flexibility and mobility for users - office based wireless workers can be networked without sitting at dedicated PCs. 4. Reduced costs - relative to 'wired', wireless networks are, in most cases, cheaper to install and maintain. 
3G
The first generation (1G) began in the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz frequency band. The second generation (2G) emerged in the 90's when mobile operators deployed two competing digital voice standards. In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band. Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds. However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing networks while simultaneously planning their "revolutionary" new mobile broadband networks. This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows. • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps. • Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps. • UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps. • High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps.
In the mid 1980’s the ITU started work to define the next “generation” of mobile radio standards to move these networks from National and Regional standards onto a global basis. This necessitated finding a new globally available frequency band as well as attempting to maximize convergence within the many existing 2G wireless technologies. At the 1992 ITU World Radio Conference 230 MHz of new radio spectrum was identified for ‘Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems” (FPLMTS), later to be known as International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Because of the extensive deployment and investment in 2G radio technologies during the 1990’s IMT-2000 became a “family of standards” offering evolution/revolution options from the major existing 2G network standards. In general an “evolution” option enabled backwards compatible evolution of a 2G standard to its 3G equivalent within an operators existing spectrum allocation. Whereas a “revolution” option typically required an operator to obtain additional spectrum, build an overlay network, and utilize dual mode/band mobile equipment. These 3G ITU standards were finalized in time for 3G services to be initially launched in 2000. Not surprisingly an evolution option was the first IMT-2000 technology to be deployed.
In order to separate 3G from 2G the ITU “raised the bar” and defined performance levels significantly in excess of those currently obtainable from 2G mobile networks, in Particular minimum data speeds, for various specific radio operating environments, were defined. IMT-2000 standards were based on industry submissions which met these new ITU higher performance requirement capabilities. Some of the new “IMT-2000” radio spectrum, identified in 1992, was auctioned in many countries in the late 1990’s for vast sums of money and many country-specific regulations controlled which IMT-2000 family option could be deployed in these new mobile frequency bands. This naturally resulted in major media focus on the “revolutionary” members of the IMT-2000 family of standards, which led to a belief in many circles that this was the only real 3G. In fact the “evolutionary” members of the IMT-2000 family represent the vast majority of 3G users today and are likely to do so for a considerable period of time. This is not at all surprising in view of the ease of evolving to 3G in an operator’s existing frequency band, particularly when the 3G technology is backwards compatible with the existing 2G technology, i.e. the 3G network can serve both 2G and 3G users in the same frequency band. Many industry organizations only consider part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards as actual 3G technologies, in particular IMT-SC (EDGE) is excluded from most 3G mobile statistics. This is particularly unfortunate because IMT-SC is the “evolutionary” option for the vast installed GSM (2G) base and therefore will almost certainly become the dominant 3G component in the near future. IMT-SC is typically excluded because many within the industry view CDMA as the only 3G wireless technology.
There are essentially two widely deployed “evolutionary” IMT-2000 standards: - for evolution from the 2G CDMA standard IS-95 (cdmaOne) –IMT-MC (cdma2000) - for evolution from 2G TDMA standards (GSM/IS-136) – IMT-SC (EDGE) Note that IS-136 can also evolve to IMT-MC since it has the same core network (IS-41).
These are IMT-2000 standards that generally require operators to obtain a new spectrum allocation, for example IMT-DS (W-CDMA) because of the relatively wide channels (5 MHz), and IMT-TC (TD-SCDMA/UTRA TDD) plus IMT-FT (DECT) because a TDD frequency assignment is required. Note that it can in some cases be possible to deploy IMT-DS in existing cellular bands if sufficient spare bandwidth can be made available. Impact of technological advances: Early work on 3G in the ITU was directed towards obtaining a global spectrum allocation since multi-band radios were at that time economically unattractive. Similarly a single global standard for 3G seemed at the time the only realistic solution. However it became rapidly clear that even the 230 MHz of new spectrum identified for IMT-2000 in 1992 would be insufficient for future mobile needs. At the ITU World Radio Conference in 2000 all the major existing cellular bands were also added, increasing the potential IMT- 2000 spectrum availability by approximately three times. Fortunately it also became practical to produce economical multi-band radios. Due to the rapid growth of 2G mobile during the 1990’s it became necessary for the ITU to offer a number of possible routes from the various existing 2G systems to a 3G capability. Fortunately it also became economically realistic to offer multi-mode/multiband mobile equipment to smooth the transition from 2G to 3G operations.
4G
4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will super cede the third generation (3G ). Carriers that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) instead of time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) are increasingly marketing their services as being 4G, even when their data speeds are not as fast as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specifies. According to the ITU, a 4G network requires a mobile device to be able to exchange data at 100 Mbit/sec. A 3G network, on the other hand, can offer data speeds as slow as 3.84 Mbit/sec. From the consumer's point of view, 4G is more a marketing term than a technical specification, but carriers feel justified in using the 4G label because it lets the consumer know that he can expect significantly faster data speeds. Although carriers still differ about whether to build 4G data networks using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX, all carriers seem to agree that OFDM is one of the chief indicators that a service can be legitimately marketed as being 4G. OFDM is a type of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies. This is more efficient than TDMA, which divides channels into time slots and has multiple users take turns transmitting bursts or CDMA, which simultaneously transmits multiple signals on the same channel. When fully implemented, 4G is expected to enable pervasive computing, in which simultaneous connections to multiple high-speed networks will provide seamless handoffs throughout a geographical area. Coverage enhancement technologies such as femtocell and picocell are being developed to address the needs of mobile users in homes, public buildings and offices, which will free up network resources for mobile users who are roaming or who are in more remote service areas. 3G VS 4G
4-G Systems Wireless MAN-Advanced o IMT-A compliant version of WiMAX or WiMAX 2 based on IEEE 802.16m o WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology o Wireless MAN is under development. o Present implementation of WiMAX does not comply with 4G specifications o Uses OFDM in uplink and downlink. o Mobile WiMAX, IEEE 802.16e standard offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channel. 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) Advanced · IMT-A complaint version of LTE, also referred to as E-UTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) or E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). · UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) was introduced in 3GPP Release 8 which supports data rates of up to 300 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) and up to 150 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) in the downlink and up to 75 Mbps in the uplink. Release 10 of LTE is likely to approach IMT-A, download upto 1 Gaps and upload up to 500 Mbps. · Uses OFDMA for downlink & Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink. · Uses 64QAM modulation · Uses MIMO and beam forming with up to 4 antennas · All IP Network Moving Beyond 4G 4G is not the end of all. "5G Technology" is already in research arena and is bound to up the data rate further.5G is going to alter the way of our usage of our cellphones; may replace our Desktop PCs/laptops. Coupled with innovations being done in the field of smart sensors, 5G mobile phones with extremely high data rates, IP core, and world-wide coverage will offer features which have not imagined so far. Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification, however, it is being used in research papers and standardization bodies for the future wireless standards.
3G VS 4G
3G and 4G are standards for mobile communication. Standards specify how the airwaves must be used for transmitting information (voice and data). 3G (or 3rd Generation) was launched in Japan in 2001. As recently as mid-2010, the networks for most wireless carriers in the U.S. were 3G. 3G networks were a significant improvement over 2G networks, offering higher speeds for data transfer. The improvement that 4G offers over 3G is often less pronounced. Analysts use the analogy of standard vs. Hi-Def. TV to describe the difference between 3G and 4G. Comparison chart
4G Speed vs. 3GHow much faster is 4G compared to 3G? Unfortunately for consumers, the answer to this question is more nuanced than one would like. The speed of a 3G network depends upon how it is implemented. In the US, by 2010 Sprint and Verizon (both CDMA networks) had reached the limits of how fast they could make their 3G networks. Upgrading to 4G networks allowed them to offer data transmission speeds up to four times faster than their 3G networks. However, the 3G networks of GSM carriers AT&T and T-Mobile were designed such that there was room to upgrade 3G speeds. As of mid-2010, it is anticipated that when AT&T and T-Mobile upgrade their 3G networks, their speeds will become comparable to 4G from Sprint and Verizon. Speed Test ResultsResults from a speed test comparing Sprint's 4G and 3G networks (using a Samsung Epic 4G phone) and AT&T's 3G network (using a Dell Streak) show that Sprint 4G is considerably faster than both Sprint 3G and AT&T 3G. These test results were posted in October 2010. Design Principle and ApplicationsBoth 2G and 3G networks were designed primarily for voice communications rather than data. On the other hand, 4G is designed especially for data transmission rather than voice. So 4G offers faster access to data using mobile phones. For example, streaming video works better with 4G, with less stuttering and a higher resolution. Similarly, video conferencing and multi-player online games work better with the faster data transmission offered by 4G. CONCLUSION Mobiles have become very essential part of our everyday life. Their current development is the outcome of various generations. GSM or global system for mobile communication is a digital cellular system. It was originated in Finland Europe .however now it is throughout the world. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) accounts for 80% of total mobile phone technologies market. There are over more than 3 billion users of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) now. GSM technology got its popularity, when people used it to talk to their friends and relatives. The use of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is possible due to the SIM (subscribers identity module) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is easy to use, affordable and helps you carry your cell phone everywhere. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is a 2G technology. There are many frequency ranges for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) however 2G is the most used frequency. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) offers moderate security. It allows for encryption between the end user and the service base station. The use of various forms of cryptographic modules is part of GSM technology. REFERENCES:
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/4G http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/4G-technology?page=6 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/tech/FORMER_PAGE_IMT2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf http://www.diffen.com/difference/3G_vs_4G Directory: Attachments -> BBF -> New%20folder New%20folder -> Misy 3312: Introduction to Telecommunications Project Proposal for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Instructor Name: Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Section 202 New%20folder -> Misy 3312: Introduction to Telecommunications New%20folder -> Career Path at Saudi Aramco Company New%20folder -> Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology New%20folder -> Network theory New%20folder -> Coen 1320 signals and systems spring-2013 New%20folder -> BlackBerry’s Privacy and Security Dr. Mohammed Rafik Telecommunication Submitted By New%20folder -> Smart phone Phelps Jon 16 October New%20folder -> Weekly log book student – Please fill this in at the end of the every week Download 81.16 Kb. Share with your friends:
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