Grammar I the Passive. We form the passive with the verb to be
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| UNIT 9
GRAMMAR I The Passive. We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.
The present perfect continuous, the future continuous, the past perfect continuous, and the future perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. e.g. Four people got hurt in the car crash. NB. However, we cannot use get to describe states. e.g. That house is (NOT gets) owned by my uncle. We use the passive: a) When the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context (the doer (agent) of the action is not mentioned). e.g. a) My flat was broken into last week. (We do not know who broke into the flat.) b) Coffee beans are grown in Brazil. (It’s not important to know who grows the coffee.) c) My car was serviced yesterday. (It is obvious that a mechanic serviced it.) b) When the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, advertisements, processes, etc. e.g. The new hospital will be opened by the Queen on May 15th. (formal notice) c) when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. e.g. A lot of mistakes have been made. (instead of “You have made a lot of mistakes”.) Changing from active into passive. Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed into the passive. e.g. Grandma knitted my jumper. → My jumper was knitted by Grandma. BUT: They travelled to Lisbon last summer (intransitive verb). → no passive. Some transitive verbs such as belong, have (=own), fit (=be the right size or shape), lack, resemble, seem, suit, cannot be changed into the passive. e.g. I have a shower every morning (NOT The verb let has no passive form, so we use a passive form of allow/permit/give permission. e.g. The teacher let us leave early. → We were allowed to leave early. When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well. We never separate the verb and preposition(s) in the passive. e.g. They took the company over in 2001. → The company was taken over (by them) in 2001. The verbs hear, see, make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive. e.g. They saw him leave the building. → He was seen to leave the building. 1. Complete the sentences using words from each group. build design direct discover discover invent name paint play write the Ancient Egyptians Crick and Watson Marie Curie Gustave Eiffel Eric the Red Angelina Jolie Akira Kurosawa Guglielmo Marconi Picasso Philip Pullman
10 Radium 2. Imagine you are in a busy hotel at midday. Make sentences to say what is being done, using words from the two groups and the present progressive passive. Example: Beds are being made. beds bills coffee drinks food luggage money new guests reservations rooms tables bring down change clean lay make order pay prepare serve take welcome 3. Imagine that, rich and famous, you return to your old home town after fifty years. A lot of things are different. Make sentences, using words below and the present perfect passive. Example: The Cafe Royal has been turned into a casino. Cafe Royal houseboats new car park new schools opera house old fire station ring road station streets town centre statue of you Super Cinema your house build modernise put up in park rebuild widen turn into casino / floating restaurants / museum / supermarket / theatre / pedestrian precinct 4. Put the verbs into the correct passive form. 1 I've collected all the documents that (need) for the house sale. Can you take them to the lawyer's office (sign)? 2 Look, this is a secret. Come into the garden where we (not / overhear).
5 I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I have very good neighbours. When I got home, I could see that the vegetables (water) every day and the grass (cut) regularly. 6 Can you come to the police station? The man who (suspect) of stealing your wallet (arrest) and (question) at the moment. The police hope he (identify), either by you or another witness. 7 We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery (reorganised) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable works (move) for safe keeping. 8. Aunt Dinah (not like) by my father’s family; she (consider) vulgar. 9. After his brother’s departure Paul sat for a long time thinking about what (say). 10. “I’m not prepared,” my father said, “to listen to your suggestions that you never (treat) fairly at school.” 11. But there were signs that order (restore) in the town. 12. He went into the bedroom. The bed (turn) down for the night by the maid many hours before. 13. Please, find out if my father (see) to leave. 14. She could have gone to Cambridge if she had wanted, she (offer) a scholarship. 15. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights. Two cargo ships (unload). 16. I felt I (catch) out boasting. 17. I could not tell him that I had spent the money I (leave) in order to get myself a house. 18. She (operate) on at seven o’clock next morning. 19. The days that followed afterward (look) back on by Philip as a kind of nightmare. 20. You have hardly any right to talk to me about the children. They (see) to all right, and it will be me that sees to them, not you. 21. Somewhere from far away in the town came the sound of shots. “Somebody (kill),” I said. 22. The boy who put a frog in the teacher’s desk (ask) to return the frog to the pool. 23. He watched Jack while the film (run). 24. I discovered that a similar message (send) to my office. 25. Our garden was all weeds, but the one next door (look) after to perfection.
All the homework 2 My boyfriend kept me waiting for half an hour. I 3 The students must pay all their own fees for this course. All the fees for this course 4 Do you suppose your brother could have written that email? Do you suppose that email ? 5 They use a computer to do that job nowadays. A computer 6 During the summer, the cafe was employing more waiters every week. During the summer, more waiters 7 Nobody informed the police that there had been a mistake. The police 8 Where will your company send you next year? Where will you ? 9 The news about the war worried Josephine. Josephine 10 I've still got the camera because no-one has claimed it. I've still got the camera because it 11 Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion? Have you ? 12 The children shouldn't have opened that parcel. That parcel 13 All visitors must wear identity badges. Identity badges 14 Someone must have changed the time of the meeting. The time of the meeting 15 Is anyone using this computer? Is this computer ? 16 The managing director promised me a pay-rise. …………………. ……………………by the managing director. 17 They sent me the contract by courier the next day. The contract 18 A multi-national company is taking over our firm. Our firm 19 Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the window. …………………………………………………………….by several people. 20 They awarded David a medal for bravery. David 21 They made Sylvia take the exam again. Sylvia 22 An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings. Paul 23 The police are going to look into the case ……………………………………………………by the police. 24 They considered any further rescue attempts pointless. Any further 25 They elected George president for a second term. George……………………………………………………… 26 You can't see the house from the street. The house 27 'They won't correct your papers before Friday.' 28 Someone must have taken the towels out of the dryer. The towels………………………………………………….. 29 Nobody's going to steal your books from this room. Your books………………………………………………. 30 People were telling me what to do all the time and I didn't enjoy it. I didn't enjoy………………………………………………. 6. Rewrite each sentence using appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in capitals. 1 Thanks for taking me to the station. TAKEN 2 I was shown around the school, and I enjoyed it. BEING 3 I don't remember when they arrested me! BEING 4 He said he liked it when people took him seriously. TAKEN 5 Tina said she hadn't been paid to appear in the play. HAVING 6 I don't remember when they gave me the anaesthetic. BEING 7 Thanks for giving me another chance. GIVEN
is believed have been shown may have been convicted was released had been sentenced would never have been solved
than 100 people (9) , but no deaths (10) 10. Put the verbs into the most suitable passive tense. Alana has just met her boyfriend Grant at a cafe. ALANA Hi! Sorry I'm late. GRANT: What kept you? ALANA: I came on the bus and it (l) (stick) in a traffic jam for forty minutes. GRANT: Why didn't you just walk across the park as usual? ALANA: Because the park (2) (close) since last weekend. GRANT: Why's that? ALANA: A film (3) (shoot) there. GRANT: Do you know who it (4) (direct) by? ALANA: No, but I think Leonardo DiCaprio is in it. Someone told me he (5) (see) at the Royal Hotel at the weekend. GRANT: Really? ALANA: Yeah. He (6) (fly) here in a private plane by the film company. GRANT: Well, if it's true, we're not going to the disco at the Royal this Friday. ALANA: Why not? GRANT: If he's there, the hotel (7) (surround) by fans and security guards. ALANA: But we might meet him if we go. GRANT: Don't be silly. He won't be at the disco. And we certainly (8) (not invite) to his room. ALANA: I suppose not. But we can go to the park gate now and see what's happening. Perhaps we (9) (ask) to act in a crowd scene. I heard that some local people (10) (employ) as extras yesterday, but I was too busy to go. GRANT: OK, if you want to. But I don't think we (11) (allow) anywhere near the filming.
The Academy Awards Presentation (1) (first/organise) in 1929 and since then, it (2) (hold) every year. The presentation (3) (attend) by those at the top of the film industry and (4) (watch) on TV by millions of viewers who want to see who (5) (present) with the golden statue which (6) (desire) by everyone in the motion picture world. The voting for the Academy Awards (7) (conduct) secretly and the results (8) (not/reveal) to anyone until the envelope (9) (open) on stage in front of the audience. Awards (10) (give) for the best individual and collective work and (11) (separate) into different categories. Up to five nominations (12) (make) in each category. The awards, which (13) (know) as Oscars, (14) (consider) to be the highest honour anyone in the film industry can (15) (give).
Wangari Maathai (1) (award) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She (2) (praise) by the Nobel committee as 'a source of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace'. When she started her Green Belt movement in 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and desertification. Thousands of trees (3) (cut down) and many families (4) (leave) in poverty as a result. Since then, her successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some 30 million trees (5) (copy) by other countries. During that time the movement (6) (transform) into a campaign on education, nutrition and other issues. Her campaign has not always been popular. Mrs Maathai (7) (arrest) several times for campaigning against deforestation in Africa, and once she (8) (beat) unconscious by heavy handed police. But in elections in 2002, she (9) (elect) as an MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept to power, and she (10) (appoint) as a deputy environment minister in 2003. C. Blocked drains shut gallery link A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries (1) (close) for two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged the building from the outset can be fixed. The repair work (2) (estimate) to cost around £100,000 but it is unclear who will foot the bill. Major losses (3) (expect) at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which (4) (house) in the link and (5) (force) to shut whilst the work (6) (carry out). The head of buildings said it was likely that the fault had occurred while the tunnel (7) (construct) 'It probably happened while it (8) (build) because we have had blockage problems since it opened. We (9) (tell) it will cost around £100,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue.' A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said: 'Everything (10) (do) to ensure minimal disruption to visitors. Many of the educational workshops and events (11) (accommodate) elsewhere in the galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building (12) (not affect) by the work, and will open as normal throughout.' The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston Link, which (13) (only complete) in August 2004, will take eight weeks from mid-February until the start of March. 12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive or active tense. A. Coffee (1) (say) to originate from Kaffa in Ethiopia and most species of coffee plant (2) (find) in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. The species which (3) (think) to be the earliest coffee plant (4) (ever/cultivated) by man is Coffea arabica. Today it (5) (grow) mostly in Latin America. The coffee shrub (6) (reach) a height of 8 – 10 metres and (7) (have) white scented flowers. It (8) (produce) a red fruit which (9) (call) a cherry. The cherry (10) (contain) two seeds which (11) (join) together. These seeds, which (12) (also/know) as beans, (13) (first/roast) and then they (14) (grind) to make coffee. The grounds (15) (then/process) in a variety of different ways. Sometimes they (16) (filter) and sometimes they (17) (soak) in water to make the drink which is popular with so many people. Coffee is available as grounds or as instant coffee powder and (18) (drink) by one third of the world’s population.
Slowly but surely the coastline of Britain (1) (wear away) by an advancing sea. The country which once 'ruled the waves' now (2) (rule) by them, with huge forces threatening to destroy vast areas of human and wildlife habitat. Already some of Britain's last wild, natural areas (3) (disappear), and experts (4) (fear) that this is just the beginning. It (5) (estimate) that there will be a 38-55 cm rise in average sea levels by the year 2100. According to the Department of the Environment, during the next 50 years at least 10,000 hectares of farmland (6) (turn into) mud flats and salt marshes by the increases in sea levels. Rather than trying to prevent the erosion, the present government (7) (use) a method of 'managed retreat' by creating new defences further inland and allowing low-lying coastal farm land (8) (abandon) to the sea. However, many of the country's major cities could also (9) (affect). London, Bristol and Cardiff all (10) (expect) severe flooding as our sea defences (11) (destroy) by the rising tides. C. Local cheeses Traditional cheeses (1) (produce) in many regions of the UK and (2) (name) after the area in which they (3) (first develop) Cheddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and (4) (now make) all over the world. A 'true' Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the Somerset village from which it (5) (take) its name. Wensleydale (6) (come) from the Yorkshire Dales (valleys) in northern England. Originally made from sheep's milk, it (7) (base) on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing flavour. Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a light, salty flavour. During the Industrial Revolution (around 1760-1830), Lancashire cheese (8) (become) the staple food of the mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, (9) (first produce) in the Welsh town of that name in about 1831. The cheese (10) (soak) overnight in salt water to seal in the moisture. It was popular with the local coalminers who (11) (lose) a lot of salt during their work underground. Blue Stilton, made only in the counties of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, (12) (prize) as the 'king' of British cheeses. NB Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the report verb: e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation). The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That’s what people say now about the past situation). Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (That’s what people said in the past about the situation then). Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (That’s what people said then about something that had happened earlier). 13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined. 1 People say that the company's European division is having a good year. 2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been suffering from rising costs. 3 People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger. 4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines for some time. 5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas. 6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts. 7 People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week.
1 It is said that house prices are too high. House prices 2 It is thought that the hospital is short of money. The hospital , 3 It was alleged that the athlete had cheated. The athlete 4 It is reported that the prime minister is resigning. The prime minister 5 It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished soon. The new sports stadium 6 It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get married. Sixteen 7 It was thought that the book had been destroyed. The book 8 It is believed that the children had been hiding for two weeks. The children
1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure. Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which ……......... 2 People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'. The treasure ……………………………………………… 3 People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago. Pirates ……………………………………………………… 4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree. The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth……………… 5 People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole. He and a friend …………………………………………. 6 People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations. The two men ……………………………………………. 7 However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in. However, before they could open the chest, water ……………………….. 8 Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure. Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters ………………….. 9 People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole. Some explorers ………………………………………. 10 However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications. However, the pit is now……………………………….
2 The plane crashed into the sea near a small island. BELIEVE 3 The minister is considering changing the laws on smoking in public. SAY 4 Yesterday the situation had improved. REPORT 5 Whales have been seen in the area for the first time. SAY 6 The fire broke out at 3 am. BELIEVE 7 Last year the company recorded rising profits. REPORT
10 Someone is going to explain the changes to the students. 11. He explained to me that almost everything the children were taught at school was unnecessary. 12. I mentioned the fact to my friends. 13. The lawyer explained the new law to us. 14. People expect you to meet the boss. 15. A guide pointed out the Pyramids to us. 16. They gave his little daughter a present. 17. At lunch somebody mentioned to me that the Johnsons had come from abroad. 18. Somebody reported the accident to the police. 19. They promised the workers higher wages. 20. Someone pointed out to us that the camp was deserted. 21. Then someone suggested that we drop the discussion and talk about something else. 22. They will show the visitors all the new pictures. 23. It was not easy to see what to do about Jack, and someone proposed that he should come and stay with us. 24. They explained to us that the men in those days had almost no chance of protecting themselves against such monsters. 25. They gave me two shillings change at the shop. 17. Choose an appropriate form of one of these verbs to complete the sentences and write a corresponding passive sentence starting with the word(s) given. Use each verb once only. appoint bring declare demonstrate help introduce see tell 1 People …..Bobby to his feet after the accident. Bobby………………………………..
I …………………….
Has Chris. ……………………………?
Rabbits…………………………………………………… 5 People the story of Father Christmas to young children to explain the presents they receive. The story of Father Christmas………………………………. 6 They Martin Johnson team captain for the whole of the World Cup. Martin Johnson…………………………………………… 7 I am certain that Sarah ……her suitability as company director to those who still have any doubt. I am certain that Sarah’s suitability as company director…………………… 8 They Alan Watson winner of the election after a recount. Alan Watson………………………………………… Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 183.4 Kb. Share with your friends:
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