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New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1977. . . 38-40, 43, 58, 90, 96 Victoria Equal Opportunity Act 1977. . . 40 Equal Opportunity (Discrimination against Disabled Persons) Act 1982 . . . 40 Table of statutes 349 S  outh Australia
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 . . . 103-4 Death (Definition) Act 1983. . . 107 Handicapped Persons Equal Opportunity Act 1981 . . . 40, 58 Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . . . 48 Prohibition of Discrimination Act 1966 . . . 34, 35, 36 Racial Discrimination Act 1976 . . . 34-5 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . . . 36-7, 38 A.C.T. Mental Health Ordinance 1981 . . . 28, 53, 58 United Kingdom Abortion Act 1967. . . 101, 103-4 European Communities Act 1972. . . 73 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 . . . 100-1 Race Relations Act 1968 . . . 35, 36, 37, 39 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . . . 37
Bill of Rights 1960. . . 31, 32, 70 New Zealand Race Relations Act 1971 . . . 35 U.S.A. U.S. Constitution. . . 100-2, 107-8, 113 Bill of Rights 1791 . . . 18, 32, 107-8 Civil Rights Act 1964. . . 92, 93 Natural Death Act 1977 (California) . . . 108 Uniform Brain Death Act 1978 . . . 107
T Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses Inc. v. The Commonwealth (1943) . . . 18n Advisory Opinion on Namiba (1971) . . . 13 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v. Wardley (1980) . . . 42 Attorney-General for the State of Queensland (ex. rd. Kerr) v. T. (1983) . . . 102 Attorney-General for the State of Victoria v. The Commonwealth (1981) . . . 18n Bakke, Regents of the University of California v., (1978) . . . 38,93 Bank of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1948) . . . 19n Bellotti v. Baird (1979) . . . 102 Carter v. Gallagher (1971) . . . 96 Church of the New Faith v. Commissioner for Payroll Tax (1983) . . . 18n Commonwealth v. Tasmania (1983) [Dams case] . . . 9,20-1,45 Dams Case see Commonwealth v. Tasmania (1983) DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974) . . . 93 Doe v. BeIlin Memorial Hospital (1973) . . . 102 Doe v. Hale Hospital (1974) . . . 102 Dugan v. Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1979) . . . 32 Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd (1982) . . . 73n Gove Land Rights Case see Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth (1971) Goya Henry Aviation Case see R. v. Burgess; ex parte Henry Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1970) . . . 92 Harris v. McCrae (1980) . . . 102 James v. The Commonwealth (1936) . . . 19n Johnson v. Director-General of Social Welfare (Victoria) (1976) . . . 103n K. v. Minister for Youth and Community Services (1982) . . . 102-3 K. v. T. (1983) . . . 101-2 Koowarta v. Bjelke-Petersen (1982) . . . 9,20-1,22 Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth (1971) . . . 46 O'Callaghan v. Loder (1983) . . . 39 Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees (1979) . . . 101n Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976) . . . 101 Quinlan, In re (1976) . . . 107-8 R. v. Bourne., (1939) . . . 100-1 R. v. Burgess; ex p. Henry (1936) . . . 20 R. v. Davidson (1969) . . .101 R. v. McInnes (1980) . . . 32 R. v. Poole (1939) . . . 20n R. v. Sex Discrimination Board; ex p. Cope (1980) . . . 42 R. v. Wald (1971) . . .101
Sydney Williams, R. v., (1976) . . . 49 Taylor v. St Vincent's Hospital (1972) . . . 102 Tucker's Administrator v. Lower (1972) . . . 106-7 Viskauskas v. Niland (1983) . . . 43 Victoria Park Racing v. Taylor (1937) . . . 32 Wald, R. v., (1971) . . . 101 I Page references are to the Survey. References to entries in the Bibliography are given at the start of each section of the Survey. The subject headings under which the Bibliography is arranged are listed in the Contents, pp. vi-viii, and in the Synoptic Table of Human Rights, pp. 120-30. Aboriginal Affairs, Commonwealth Department of, 44 Aboriginal Land Councils, 48 Aboriginal Land Fund Commission, 20n Aboriginal Land Rights Commission, 46 Aboriginal Lands Trust (N.S.W.), 48 Aboriginal Legal Service, 45 Aboriginal Treaty Committee, 47 Aborigines assimilation of, 46, 49-50 children, 60 Commonwealth power and, 19-20 Commonwealth-State relations and, 22, 32-3, 35, 47 criminal justice and, 45, 49-50 customary law, 22, 45-6, 49-50 discrimination against, 6, 8, 20, 22, 28-9, 30, 33n, 34, 45, 46 economic, social conditions, 44-5, 47-8 financial compensation to, 47 generally, 44-50 historical, cultural heritage, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50 Human Rights Commission and, 28-9, 45 international law and, 45-6, 46-7, 48-9 land rights, 20n, 46-9, 49-50 Makarrata, 46-8
Abortion
legal, philosophical problems, 82, 98, 100-5 minors and, 102-3 poverty and, 101, 102 rape, incest and, 102 religious attitudes to, 100, 103, 104 see also Life, right to Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, 45, 110 Accused persons, rights of, see Arrest and detention Activity Therapy Centres, 57-8 Administrative law Administrative Appeals Tribunal, 23 administrative discretion and human rights, 32 Ombudsmen, 23 review of administrative action, 17,23 Affirmative action, xi, 16, 38, 39-40, 41, 51-2, 8
'hard' and 'soft', 92, 93, 94, 97 in New South Wales, 39-40, 95, 96-7 in private sector, 95 in public service, 94-5 legislation for, 42, 91, 94 targets, goals and quotas, 94-7 Aliens, see Immigrants and aliens American Association on Mental Deficiency, 53 American Civil Liberties Union, 113 American Declaration of Independence, 1776, 77 Amnesty International, 11 Anti-Discrimination Bill, 1978 (Tasmania), 40 Anti-Discrimination Board (N.S.W.), 38-9, 40, 52, 53-4, 56, 57, 58-9 Apartheid, 13, 67 Aquinas, 104 'Arbitrary', meaning of, 99 Argentina, martial law in and international law, 15 Aroney, M., 25 Arrest and detention arbitrary, right to freedom from, 4, 54 rights of arrested and detained persons, 4, 15, 17 Assembly, freedom of, 4, 14, 17, 26, 28, 31, 32, 73, 84, 85, 87 Association, freedom of, 4, 17, 26, 73 see also International Labour Organisation; Trade unions Asylum, right to, 4 Australia civil liberties in, 17-19, see also Civil liberties Commonwealth-State relations, 18-19, 19-20, 22, 32-3, 35, 47 Federal government commitment to human rights, 7, 8-9, 22-4 Department of Employment and Youth Affairs, 56 Department of Social Security, 56 implementation of UN conventions, 19-21, 22, 35, 36, 41 legislative powers, see Table of Statutes, Commonwealth Constitution
7-8,9, 14, 15, 66, 68 response to Aboriginal treaty proposals, 47 federal system, and human rights, 19-20
Index 353  Minister for Employment and Youth Affairs, 56
political parties, position on Aborigines, 45 Australia, Constitution and Bill of Rights, 33 and human rights guarantees, 8, 18-19 limited powers of Commonwealth in, 19-20 see also Table of statutes, Commonwealth Constitution Australian Association for the Mentally Retarded, 56 Australian Council for Rehabilitation of the Disabled, 57 Australian Institute of Criminology, 18n Australian Law Reform Commission purposes, objectives, 22 Reference on Aboriginal Customary Law, 22, 44, 45, 49-50 report on criminal investigation, 22 report on privacy, 29 report on transplants, 23, 107 reports with human rights aspects, 22-3 Bailey, K.H., 7 Bailey, Peter, 15, 23, 24, 33n Barron, J., 110 Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832), 77, 79 Bill of Rights Australia, ix, 9, 18, 22, 23, 29, 31-3, 38, 100 Canada, 31 federal-State relations and, 32-3 judicial support for, 31, 32 legal, philosophical aspects of, 31-3 New Zealand, 31 U.K., 8, 31, 73 U.S.A., 32, 107 see also Common law Bolivia, and American Convention on Human Rights, 75 Borne, W.D., 44 Boyce, P., 25 Brazil, and American Convention on Human Rights, 75 Bright, C.H., 52, 53, 58 Bright Committee, see South Australia, Committee on the Rights of Persons with Handicaps Britain, see United Kingdom Bruce, S.M., 7 Bulgaria, ratification of 15 Bureaucracy, as threat to rights, 32, 86-7 Burke, E., 85 Calabresi, G., 99 Canada Bill of Rights, 31 ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66 Capital punishment, see Life, right to Carter, President J., 5 Censorship, 18n, 85, 88, 109-11 Certiorari, writ of, 17 Chaney, F., 47 Chifley, J.B., 19 Children, rights of, 4, 26, 28, 60-1, 68, 86 and abortion, 102-3, 105 Australian Law Reform Commission report on Child Welfare, 22 Australian practice concerning, 61 see also Abortion; Parents; Rights, Will theories of Children's courts, 61 Chile and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 75 martial law in and international law, 15 'Chinese waiters' provision, 39 Civil and political rights, 83, 84 loss of on conviction of felony, 32 to legal representation, 32 see also Political rights Civil disobedience, 112-14 see also Assembly, freedom of; Association, freedom of Civil liberties, 17, 83, 84, 85-6 see also Australia, civil liberties in; Rights; Human rights; Civil and political rights Civil Service Commission (U.S.), 94-5 Colonialism, see Peoples, rights of Commissioner for Community Relations (Commonwealth), 20n, 23, 25, 26, 29-30, 35, 36,45 Commissioner for Equal Opportunity (South Australia), 37, 40 Commissioner for Equal Opportunity (Victoria), 29 Commission on Civil Rights (U.S.), 95-6 Commission on Human Rights (UN), 5-6, 63-4, 66 Commission on the Status of Women, ECOSOC, 64 Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, ILO, 69 Committee on Freedom of Association, ILO, 69-70 Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, ILO, 69 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, UN, 64 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, UN, 64-5 Common law and Aboriginal customary law, 49-50 and Aboriginal land rights, 46 and abortion, 100-1, 102-3, 104, 105
and freedom of expression, 110 and protection of human rights, 8, 17-18, 32-3 and rights of minorities, 8, 32, 33 Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service, 57 Community Relations Council, Australia, 35, 36 Conciliation, role of in rights issues, 11, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41-2, 72, 113 Conflict of rights, 60-1, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 103- 4 see also Abortion; Affirmative action; Euthanasia; Thought, Conscience, freedom of; Religion, freedom of Conscience, see Thought, conscience, freedom of Conscience clauses, in rights legislation, 103-4 Conscientious objection, 18 Constitutional Conventions, Australian, 18 Contempt of court, 110-11 Australian Law Reform Commission reference on, 22 Coombs, H.C., 47 Council of Europe, 11, 71, 72, 107 Committee of Ministers, 72 Secretary-General, 72, 73 Counsellor for Equal Opportunity (N.S.W.), 40 Cranston, M., 82, 85 Crawford, J., 44,49 Criminals, see Prisoners Cruel and inhuman punishment, right to freedom from, 4, 15, 26, 29 Cuba, and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 75 Customary law, rights, see Aborigines, customary law Czechoslovakia, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15 Death, definitions of, 106-7
the Mentally Retarded (1968), 54 Declaration of Rights, 1776 (Virginia), 77 Declarations of Rights, 1793, 1795 (France), 77 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 1789, 1791 (France), 77 De facto relationships, legal aspects of, 39, 41 Denmark, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66 Deportation investigation by Human Rights Commission, 28 Detention, see Arrest and detention Devlin, Patrick, 84-5 Diefenbaker, J.G., 32 Dinstein, Y., 98-9 Director of Equal Opportunity in Public Employment (N.S.W.), 39 Disabled persons children, 60 definitions and terminology, 52-4, 55, 56-7 discrimination against, 55-6 employment, 55-6, 56-7 Human Rights Commission investigation, 28 medical treatment, 55 National Committee of Non-Government Organisations (Australia), 56 normalisation or segregation, 51-2, 54-5, 56-8
prohibition of discrimination against, 38-9, 40, 54, 54-5, 59 rights of, 24, 27, 51-2, 54-9, 68 Discrimination, 89-91 and affirmative action, 92-7 Australian legislation, 23, 34-43, 91 freedom of expression and, 110 'formal' and 'informal', 42 indirect, 40, 89-90 individual acts, systemic, 34, 35, 42, 90 legislation, Federal, State, conflict of, 42-3 legislative definitions of, 34-5, 37 on ground of nationality, 73 role of civil, criminal sanctions, 35, 36, 37, 90
discrimination Dixon, Sir Owen, 8 'Double effect', doctrine of, 104 Downing, A.B., 108 Dualist theory of international law, see International law Due process of law, 4, 17, 18, 23, 31, 88, 99 Durack, P., 26 Duties, obligations, 77 to the community, 5 see also Children, rights of; Rights Dworkin, R., 82 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) see United Nations Economic, social and cultural rights Australian support for in United Nations, 7 generally, 4-5, 15-16, 26-7, 78-9, 83 to an adequate standard of living, 4 to education, 15-16 to language and culture, 26, 46 see also Aborigines to paid maternity leave, 15 to participate in cultural life, 4-5 to public health, 15 to rest and leisure, 4 to social security, 4 see also Religion, freedom of Education and affirmative action, 92-3, 97 as indoctrination, 88, 109 right to, 4, 15-16, 60-1, 86
Employment, rights concerning, 4 Encyclopaedists, 77 Enderby, K., 35 England, see United Kingdom Enlightenment theories of rights, 77-8 Epicurus, 98 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (U.S.), 95 Equal Employment Opportunity Management Plans (N.S.W.), 39 Equality
formal and substantive, xi-xii, 86-7, 89-91 legal, right to, 3, 4, 26 of opportunity, outcome, xi, 8,45, 89-91, 93-4 principle of, and equal treatment, 89-91 statistical evidence and, 89-90
Equal Opportunity Bill, 1983 (Victoria), 40 Equal Opportunity Tribunal (New South Wales), 39, 40, 43n Ethics, see Moral philosophy European Commission on Human Rights, 71-3 European Communities, 73 European Court of Human Rights, 32, 71-3 European Court of Justice (Court of Justice of the European Communities), 73 European Economic Community (EEC), see European Communities Euthanasia of the unfit, 98 philosophical, legal aspects of, 82, 98, 99, 106-8 religious aspects of, 99, 106, 108 technology and, 99 voluntary, involuntary, 106, 107-8 see also Life, right to; Abortion; Substituted judgment Evans, G., 26, 31, 32, 35 Evatt, H.V., 7, 8 Expression, freedom of, 3,4, 26, 28, 31, 32, 60, 68, 83, 85, 88, 109-11
External affairs power (Commonwealth), see Table of statutes, Commonwealth Constitution, s. 51 (xxix) Fact-finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association, ILO, 69-70 Family rights of, 26 right to, 4
Federalism, problems of in rights issues, see Australia, Commonwealth-State relations; tralia, federal system Feinberg, J., 82 Fiji, affirmative action in, 93 Fletcher, J., 108 Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 67-8, 70 Forced labour, 4, 14-15 see also Slavery Ford, N., 25, 26 'Four Freedoms', 1941, 3 Franklin Valley, 21 Fraser, J.M., 9,47 Freedom from Hunger Campaign, 70 Geia, E., 25,26 Genocide, 15 German Democratic Republic, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15 Ghana, complaint to ILO against Portugal, 69 Gilbert, C., 25,26 Glover, J., 98, 104 Grassby, Al, 23 Grotius, H. (1583-1645), 10, 77 Group rights, 8, 78-79, 84
Gury, J.P., 104 Habeas corpus, writ of, 17 Handicapped Persons Discrimination Tribunal (South Australia), 40 'Harm principle', 84-5 Hart, H.L.A., 84-5, 98 Hassan, P., 99 Hastings, E., 25,26 Hawke, R. J.L., 9 Hayes, R., 57,58 Hayes, S., 57,58 'Heckler's veto', 113 Helsinki Accords, 5 Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679), 77, 98 Hohfeld, W.N., 81n Homosexuality, 8 Human Rights Commission investigation of discrimination, 28 New South Wales legislation prohibiting discrimination on grounds of, 39 Hope, R.M., 6-7, 32 Howe, S.G., 51 Human rights Australian legal system and, 6-7, 8, 17-21 conflict of, 82, 83 educational programs, ix, 3, 27, 29 'ideology' of, 6 individual, collective, 14 international law and, 10-12, 13, 62-76 juridical basis of, 10-12 limitations on, 5, 14-15
l philosophical basis of, 10, 77-87 protection by Bill of Rights, 8 see also Bills of Rights reporting, monitoring procedures in international law, 11, 16 welfare state and, 23 see also Rights Human Rights Bill, 1972 (South Australia), 22 Human Rights Bill, 1973 (Commonwealth), 22, 35 Human Rights Bureau (Australia), 23-4, 25 Human Rights Commission (Australia), ix, 20n, 33n, 91 administrative structure, 26 and Aborigines, 29, 45 and Bill of Rights, 31 and international human rights instruments, xii, 24, 26-7 Commonwealth-State relations and, 26, 27, 28, 29 establishment, 24, 25, 54 functions, 27, 54 membership, 25-6 role of Attorney-General, 26, 27 work of, xi-xii, 25-6 Human Rights Committee, UN, 63, 65-6 Hume, David (1711-76), 77,80 'Hyde Amendment', U.S. Budget, 102 Immigrants and aliens rights of, 8, 68 right to immigrate, 28 see also Deportation; Racial discrimination Incitement to discrimination, violence, 14-16, 28-9, 36, 85 to racial hatred, 14, 16, 28-9, 36, 84, 88, 111
Information, freedom of, 3, 4, 23, 63 Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 45 Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney, 18n Intellectual impairment, see Mentally retarded persons Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 74-6 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 74, 75 International Bill of Human Rights, 64 International Commission of Jurists, 11, 18n International Congress on Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences XI (Vancouver 1983), 44 International Court of Justice, 7, 13, 67, 69 International instruments legal effect of, 5 implementation of, in Australia, 19-21, 22,
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