Ice nucleation captures water: lichen Fungus provides uv protection: lichens
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微生物有機體 Microscopic oars move organism: protozoan Increase biofuel yields: microorganism metabolic engineering Microbes consume methane: ANME-1 and ANME-2 Archaea Proteins function in saline environments: archea Proteins cause ice nucleation: a plant pathogen Ion release causes contraction: protozoan Vorticella convallaria Adhesive works under water: an aquatic bacterium Pigments provide strength: fungi Parasite attaches underwater: copepod Cytoplasm seeks efficient routes: slime mold Communal 'slime-ways' used to glide: marine slime mold Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms Tyrisonase enzymes aid crosslinking: organisms Cells provide strength: wood Membranes self-repair: cells Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells produce polyester: microorganisms Compounds cause UV tolerance: yeast Mycosporines protect from UV light, desiccation: microcolonial fungi Superbug survives radiation: bacteria Membranes avoid melting: methanogen (thermophile) Relationship provides thermal protection: hot springs panic grass, fungus Spores survive high temperatures: bacteria By-products inhibit yeast and fungi: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonial living leads to long-term survival: fungi Protein prevents bacterial adherence: Lactobacillus fermentum Biofilms protect bacteria: gram negative bacteria Spores survive drought, toxins: bacteria Altering host's reproductive system improves viability: Wolbachia bacteria Chemicals made with natural ingredients: bacteria Fermentation produces biopolymers: bacteria Storing carbon and energy: bacteria Microbes make natural polyester: bacteria Pigments 'photosynthesize' without CO2: Halobacteria Bacteria create a natural battery: Geobacter sulfurreducens Wire-like structures conduct electricity: Shewanella oneidensis Transporting electrons extracellularly: sediment bacteria Polymers provide adhesion, protection: microbes Microbe survives extreme heat: Pyrolobus archaea Mucins trap pathogens: animals Antimicrobial peptides destroy bacteria: American dog tick Gene transfers enhance photosynthesis: marine viruses Fueled by hydrogen: thermal pool microbes Double-layered ball assists spore dispersal: earthstar fungus Sporangium launches spores: pilobolus fungus Diversity increases survival: bacteria Light-gathering apparatus adjusts to conditions: purple bacteria Metabolic process conserves energy: syntrophic bacteria Orienting using Earth's magnetic field: Aquaspirillum bacteria Shape-shifting aids swimming: bacteria Corkscrew swimming is efficient: spiroplasma bacteria Flagella aid locomotion: bacteria Slime enables movement: bacteria Hairlike extensions responsible for movement: bacteria Bacteria sense and move toward chemicals: Escherichia coli Communication molecules coordinate behavior: chronic wound bacteria Membranes distinguish sweet from sour: colon bacilli Shell is minimum free energy structure: viruses "Biological batteries" heal wounds: cells Membranes sensitive to voltage: cells Membranes get fatter when stretched: cells
Anhydrobiosis protects during desiccation: nematodes Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice Design features aid efficient attachment: lice Flowers protect from unwanted visitors: mistletoe Tentacles maintain tension as flow increases: marine polychaete worm Mucus enhances mobility: polychaete worm 'Bombs' distract predators: green bomber worms Lunar cycle triggers reproduction: Pacific palolo worm Catapulting transports worms: nematode Shelters constructed underwater: sandcastle worm Worm tolerates temperature gradient of 140 deg F: Pompeii worm Hairs prevent entry of water: rat-tailed maggot Durable casing built with sand: protozoans Gills help fix nitrogen: shipworm Hairs create colors: weevils Mouth cuts through chitin: velvet mite Snout works as drill: acorn weevil Attachments cling to intestinal wall: pork tapeworm Eggs attached securely to hairs: body lice Receptors adhere selectively: microbes Jet propulsion as transportation mechanism: salp Feet adhere temporarily: aphids Skin aids movement: worms Hydroskeleton changes shape: ribbon worms Adhesive glues prey: velvet worms Mucus glues sand and rock: marine worms Head bores through wood: shipworm Enzyme produces red bioluminescence: railroad worm Body designed for burrowing: nematode
蝸牛 Shell is tough armor: golden scale snail Bubble raft used to float on water: violet snail Shell protects from heat: desert snail Membrane reduces evaporation: land snail Foot aids underwater movement: water snail 蜘蛛 Lure tricks prey: bolas spider Malaria vector chosen as preferred prey: jumping spider Organs serve multiple adhesive functions: camel spider Silk used for various functions: spiders Stabilizing loose sand: spiders Web absorbs impacts: spiders Fibers contract and relax: spiders Granules prevent slippage: orb-weaver spiders Spider creates underwater air tank: water spider Silk protects from flooding, captures water: barking spider Mechanism to seal joint prevents depressurization: spiders Spider silk warns birds: orb-web spider Silk assembled on demand: spiders Legs use hydraulics: spiders Legs 'row' across water: fishing spider Legs detect airborne vibrations: spiders Web glue is strong adhesive: golden orb weaving spider Multiple eyes provide excellent vision: jumping spider 蚯蚓 Organisms work together to decompose cellulose: earthworm Electric current reduces friction: common earthworm Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm Gut:enhancing anaerobic digestion:earthworm Skin stays clean: earthworm Secretions distract predators: earthworm Small structures burrow efficiently: earthworms Bristles facilitate movement: earthworms Detecting vibrations: earthworm
Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants Footpads dampen shock: bush-cricket Habitat stores carbon: wetlands Pouch stores seed: Clark's nutcracker Habitat regulates water flows: peatlands Plants minimize water loss: desert Plant self-irrigates: desert rhubarb Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie Tension releases seeds: broom Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat Storage of organic matter plugs carbon "leaks": riparian habitat Ecosystems have stability and resiliency: savannas Functioning with efficiency and innovation: ecosystems Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem Diversity increases efficiency: soil ecosystem Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems Multifunctional integration is remedy for architecture: ecosystems Food web complexity increases along gradient: dune ecosystem Ecosystem has long-term sustainability: dehesa ecosystem Environmental disturbance promotes diversity: wet prairie ecosystem Microtopographic relief fosters diversity: wetland ecosystems Canopies enhance species diversity: wetland ecosystems Predatory fish maintain ecosystem functions: lake ecosystem Varied landscapes increase population stability: ecosystems Nurse shrubs help other plants: Mediterranean montane ecosystems Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems Species richness helps system respond to disturbance: ecosystems Pests kept in check: agro-systems Structures minimize materials, maximize strength: organisms Systems allow changes in mechanical properties: organisms Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew Leaves adjust to changing environment: Common arrowhead Resident insects protect nearby fields: hedgerows Embryos survive without oxygen: killifish Environment tailors growth: organisms Transglutaminase enzymes crosslink proteins: organisms Controlled crystal symmetry: Calcareous sponges Controlling mineral crystal growth: peptides Glue fibers form underwater: caddisfly Matrix supports tissue engineering: organisms Secretions gain adhesive/cohesive qualities: marine invertebrates Flexible stalk adjusts to flow forces: Styela sea squirt Ligament used to reopen shells: bivalve mollusks Tube feet attach in marine environment: echinoderms Mucus takes on adhesive qualities: dusky arion slug Footpads stick to vertical surfaces: great green bushcricket Undulations used for swimming: Spanish dancer Clapping used for underwater movement: rough fileclam Structures catch prey: Portuguese man-of-war Shells grind through rock: piddock Mucus aids movement: slugs Receptors detect ruminant hosts: hard ticks Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks Gas-storage chamber controls buoyancy: nautilus Tendons and bones form seamless attachment: Chordates Sensing and sharing information: neurons Download 364.57 Kb. Share with your friends:
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