No nasa space launches now- partisan fighting and controversies prevent all funding Handberg 7-25
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Space ColonizationSpace Debris Prevents Space Colonization Dinerman 4 [Taylor Dinerman: Part-time consultant of US Dept. of Defense, November 29, 2004, Space debris: not just an American problem?, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/279/1] All too often, people claim that space debris constitutes an imminent crisis. They say that there is so much stuff is up there that it is going to destroy numerous satellites and, eventually, render any human activity in orbit impossible. There are, in fact, several million kilograms of man-made gear, some of it in the form of operational satellites and spacecraft, and some of it useless junk. A few experts say that, eventually, there will be so much garbage up there that humanity will be confined to the Earth whether it wants to leave or not. Increases in Space Debris render space unusable for thousands of years Taylor 7 (USAF B.A., Berry College; J.D., University of Georgia; LL.M. (Air and Space Law), McGill University, is the Chief of the Space and International Law Division at Headquarters United States Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado) Michael Taylor “Trashing the Solar System One Planet at a Time: Earth's Orbital Debris Problem" Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 20 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 1 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/ is_200710/ai_n21279526/pg_3/?tag=mantle_skin;content As the amount of debris in a particular orbital area increases, so does the risk of placing a new satellite into that area. As the NASA study discussed in Part II.D.5 above demonstrated, certain areas of space that are already crowded with debris are particularly susceptible to the creation of new debris. If the feared cascade effect begins for one of these areas, that area of space could become so dangerous that it would be unusable for hundreds or thousands of years. Even if an area of space is not so hazardous that it is unavailable, the risks of putting an operational satallite into that area will be very high. This could increase the costs by requiring more mitigation measures or through increased insurance premiums. Turn- SPSSpace Debris Destroys SPS- Terminal Impact not necessary -Any increases in space debris can turn case Akahoshi 8 [Y. Akahoshi, Kyush Inst. Of Tech, et al, July 2008, “Influence of Space Debris,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, p. sd] Recently, long duration operations spacecraft, higher in power, higher in potential, and the solar array especially higher in potential have been proposed for the actualization of large space platform for industrial use, such as the space factory, the space hotel, and solar power satellite. The use of high power in future space missions calls for high voltage power generation and transmission to minimize the energy loss and the cable mass. Satellites after their end of life, upper stages of rockets and the parts and fragments from them are called space debris. Solar arrays that are designed for long periods of operation are more likely to be impacted by space debris. The potential for impact is greater as the size of the satellites is larger. When space debris collides with active solar arrays, may cause generation of high-density plasma induced by impact. Then plasma grows up by surrounding plasma, and the phenomenon called discharge might take place. Space debris poses an obvious mechanical damage hazard to space assets, and may also precipitate a catastrophic electrical discharge that disrupts or disables onboard systems [1]. This discharge results in short circuits on the solar array and current does not flow into the satellite. This fact yields to the reduction of electric power of the solar array, and the impact influences on the satellite missions. Many debris and dust impacts were confirmed on fuselage of retrieved satellite SFU and solar array of satellite Eureca. Generation of the discharge phenomenon by debris impact is not yet confirmed, but such possibility will be increasingly important. For example, the discharge phenomenon called “sustained arc” is suggested as a cause of trouble of geostationary satellite Tempo- Turn- Solar StormsSpace Debris independently makes terrestrial vision and solar monitoring measures impossible U.S. Congress 90 (September, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, “Orbiting Debris: A Space Environmental”, pg.13-17, http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/9033.pdf) Space debris can interfere with scientific, commercial, and military space activities. In some orbits, debris deposited today may affect these activities far in the future. This section describes the hazards posed by orbital debris and summarizes how they are generated. Functioning spacecraft face a variety of potential hazards from orbital debris: Space debris can interfere with scientific, commercial, and military space activities. Collisions of space debris with functional satellites could result in damage that could significantly impair the performance of a spacecraft or its subsystems. For example, according to one calculation, the Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched in April 1990, faces a chance of one in one hundred of being severely damaged by orbital debris during its planned 17-year lifetime.37 Orbital debris has already hit active payloads.38 After the reentry of Kosmos 954 in 1978 a Soviet spokesman attributed the fall to an earlier (January 1978) collision with another object.39 Kosmos 1275 may have been completely destroyed by collision with space debris.40 Further, evidence derived mainly from statistical analyses of the increases in orbital debris and from other circumstantial evidence suggests that the fragmentation of some spacecraft may have resulted from high velocity impacts.41 Given that the capability of tracking technology decreases as the altitude of the tracked objects increases, there is no way to establish if collisions have occurred in GEO,42 where the current ability to catalog fragments is limited to objects larger than about one meter (see below). Pollution in the form of gases and particles is created in the exhaust clouds formed when second stage rockets are used to boost a payload from LEO into GEO. A single solid rocket motor can place billions of particles of aluminum oxide into space, creating clouds that may linger up to 2 weeks after the rocket is fired, before dispersing and reentering the atmosphere. The particles therefore represent a significant threat of surface erosion and contamination to spacecraft during that period.43 Interference with scientific and other observations can occur as a result of orbital debris. For example, the combination of byproducts from second stage firings – gases, small solid particles and “spaceglow” (light emitted from the gases) – will often affect the accuracy of scientific data.44 Debris may also contaminate stratospheric cosmic dust collection experiments or even interfere with the debris tracking process itself.45 The presence of man-made objects in space complicates the observations of natural phenomena. 46 Astronomers are beginning to have difficulty determining whether an object under observation is scientifically significant or if what they observe is just a piece of debris. As the number of debris particles increases, the amount of light they reflect also increases, causing “light pollution,” a further interference with astronomers’ efforts. Space debris has also disrupted reception of radio telescopes and has distorted photographs from ground-based telescopes, affecting the accuracy of scientific results that might be obtained.47 The Nature of Space Debris Since the first satellite break up in 1961, nearly 100 satellites have violently fragmented in orbit. Over 20,000 objects have now been cataloged by the SSN, with nearly 35 percent of this compilation a result of these breakup events (as of January 1990).48 Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 398.94 Kb. Share with your friends:
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