Rehva guidebook

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CONTENT

1How to Read this Guidebook 8

2Impact of Cooling on Energy Use 9

2.1Current and Future Cold Market in Europe 9

2.2Technologies and Concepts for Cooling of Non-Residential Buildings 12

2.3Building Requirements 14

2.4References 15

3THERMAL Indoor ENVIRONMENT 17

3.1Human Responses to the Thermal Environment 17

3.2Health and Individual Performance 18

3.3Criteria for Thermal Comfort 21

3.4Static Approach to Thermal Comfort 25

3.5Adaptive Approach to Thermal Comfort 26

3.6Discrepancy between Static and Adaptive Approach to Thermal Comfort 29

3.7References 32

4Methodology for the Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Non-Residential Buildings 34

4.1Measurements of the Thermal Indoor Environment 35

4.2Methodology for the Evaluation of Thermal Comfort 35

4.3Evaluation of Thermal Comfort for Non-Residential Buildings 45

5Thermal comfort Evaluation of NON-RESIDenTIAL BULDINGS IN EUROPE 47

5.1Description of the Investigated Buildings 47

5.2Thermal Comfort Performance in Summer 75

5.3Humidity Performance in Summer 78

6APPLICATION of cooling concepts TO europeAN NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 81

6.1Simulation Study of Cooling Concepts 81

6.2Simulation Results and Conclusions 84

6.3References 87

7Thermal Comfort and Energy-Efficient Cooling 88

Terminology

auxiliary energy	Auxiliary energy is necessary to harvest the heating/cooling energy from the environmental heat source/sink (primary hydraulic circuit) as well as to distribute the energy through the building and, finally, to deliver the heating/cooling energy to the offices and rooms via thermo-active building systems. In the primary hydraulic circuit, auxiliary energy use accounts for the submerged pump (ground water well and rainwater cistern), for the brine pump (borehole heat exchangers and energy piles), as well as the for the circulation pump and for the fan of the wet cooling tower. In the secondary hydraulic circuit, auxiliary energy is used to operate the distributor, the thermal storage loading, and the circulation pumps.
end energy	Energy that is delivered to the building (fossil fuel, electricity, etc.) from the last market agent.
low-exergy	“Low exergy (LowEx) systems” are defined as heating or cooling systems that allow the use of low valued energy as the energy source. In practice, this means systems that provide heating or cooling energy at a temperature close to room temperature (definition in Annex 37, Guidebook).
net floor area	Specific primary and end energy use is related to the heated net floor area (net) of buildings according to [DIN 277-1:2005-01] (sum of all heated areas within the building)
residential sector	public and private community accommodation (i.e. private housing, flats, student accommodation, etc)
operative room temperature	Is the arithmetical mean of dry bulb temperature and surface temperature of the room (if the air velocity if smaller 0,2 m/s).
primary energy	Energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. These factors vary for each country. The primary energy conversion factors for this study were selected to be 2.5 for electricity, 0.2 for biomass, 1.1 for fossil fuels and 0.7 for district heat from cogeneration according to [DIN V 18599-1:2007-02]. The primary energy conversion factor for electricity is subjected to modifications according to the development of the electricity market. For example, the primary energy factor decreases with an increasing amount of renewable energies. However, a conversion factor of 2.5 is chosen.
service sector	public buildings (health care, education, administration buildings) and commercial sector (retail, office, hotel, leisure, etc).
SPF	The heating and cooling systems are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency according to the defined balance boundaries. Efficiency is described by the coefficient of performance (COP_h) in the heating mode and by the energy efficiency ratio (EER) in the cooling mode (in Europe COP_c). The COP is the ratio of the useful energy acquired, divided by the energy applied, such as auxiliary electricity needed for the pumps or for the compressor of the heat pump. The approximated COP for the heating and cooling seasons, respectively, is described by the seasonal performance factor (SPF) ([ASHRAE Handbook 2000], [DIN 18599-1:2007-02]), taking the system operation and part load impacts into account.
TABS	TABS are construction elements thermally activated by water or air born systems that operate with small temperature differences between the room air and the thermally activated building component allowing the use of low temperature heat sources and sinks.
thermal cooling energy	Thermal energy necessary to cover the load in order to achieve a certain room temperature.
useful energy	Portion of end energy that is actually available after final conversion to the consumer for the respective use.
COP	The ratio of the power output to the power input of a system.
Energy Demand	Calculated quantity of energy for all applications and given end use. Energy to be delivered by an ideal energy system (no system losses are taken into account) to provide the required service to the end user (e.g. to maintain the required internal set-point temperature of a heated space).
Energy Consumption	The actual measured quantity of energy needed for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water heating, lighting, appliances etc. (metering).
Exergy	Energy is made up from exergy and anergy. Exergy is the part of the energy that can be transformed into any form of energy within defined boundary conditions. Anergy is the part of energy that cannot be transformed in exergy.
Net heated floor area AN [m²]	The sum of the floor areas of all heated rooms including heated corridors and heated internal stairways but not unheated rooms.
Low-energy building	Buildings with the explicit intension of using less energy than standard buildings. However, no specific requirements are defined.
Service sector	The service sector, also referred to as the tertiary sector, includes the public sector and the non-industrial/manufacturing (private) sectors such as public administration, education and health, bank and finance, trade. [ADAM 2009]

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