Review questions for test #2
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| REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR TEST #2
As of 10/29/2008, we don’t have the file for the Siluriformes/Gymnotiformes presentation. I will add the details on that as soon as I receive it. Fish Gills 1. Why do fish have gills? Why don’t they rely on diffusion across their bodies? 2. Why is respiration in an aquatic environment difficult? 3. How do gills work? Explain the design of the gills including the gill arch, gill filaments, and lamellae. What is the site of O2 absorption and CO2 release? 4. In what types of environments do you expect to see fish capable of respiration using structures other than gills? 5. Explain the significance of the counter current exchange system. 6. How do gills differ between fish that swim very fast versus those that are sluggish? 7. Despite the fact that O2 has slightly lower solubility in saltwater than in freshwater, most of the airbreathers are freshwater species. Why do you think this is? 8. Explain the effects of temperature and solute concentration on O2 solubility. 9. Table 5.1 in your book lists a variety of respiratory organs other than gills. Describe how the following structures work as respiratory organs and list 2 taxa that have them: lungs, gas bladder, skin, stomach/intestine, opercular chamber, suprabranchial labyrinth organ. Transporting O2 and CO2 to Peripheral Parts 10. Why do fish need hemoglobin? What is P50? Why does Hb (hemoglobin) have a saturation curve? Why doesn’t it all just bind at a certain [O2]? 11. Define the Bohr effect and the Root effect. What is their role in respiration? Why is the pH lower (and acidity higher) at the tissues? 12. Which critical processes happen at the gills and which happen at the tissues? Draw the Hb saturation vs. PO2 curves for “loading” at the gills and “unloading” at the tissues. 13. What pattern do we see across fishes with respect to Bohr effects & oxygen affinity (P50)? How do they help unload O2? 14. What types of adaptations do fish have to deal with low O2 in the environment? 15. Why is high water temperature so stressful for fish? Name 2 reasons. 16. What is anoxia and how do fish deal with it? 17. How does hemoglobin help reveal vertebrate bloodlines? (book question) Swimbladders 18. Why bother trying to maintain neutral buoyancy? How do fish keep gas in their gas bladders? Give 2 ways that fish do this. 19. How does the counter-current exchange mechanism help keep gas in the gas bladder? What is the role of the “Root-effect” and “Bohr effect” in maintaining O2 in swimbladders? 20. The three things important for getting O2 into the gas bladder are (a) anaerobic respiration in the gas gland tissue, (2) counter current exchange in rete mirable, and (3) a slow “Root-on” effect. Explain how these 3 things allow O2 to get into the bladder. 21. How do the arterial and venous capillaries differ in O2 tension? in O2 content? in pH? in lactic acid? CO2? 22. How does lactic acid and bicarbonate help in “salting out” air? Does this help with loading all gases into the swimbladder or just O2? 23. How can the venous blood leaving the rete mirable have high pO2, and yet have lower total O2 content than the arterial blood leaving the rete mirable? Or did it actually gain O2 during this process? 24. How do fish deflate their swimbladders? Explain this for both physostomous and physoclistus swim bladders. Do fish with physostomous swimbladders ever resorb the gas into their blood? 25. Why have some fish lost their swim bladders? Have you read page 65? Be able to explain the following figure: 
Osmoregulation and Excretion 26. Distinguish between an osmoregulator, an osmoconformer, an ion regulator, and an ion conformer. For each of the following taxa, explain their strategy in regards to ion/water balance: hagfish, shark, toadfish, goldfish, f.w. stingray.
large gill surface volume to get more O2 in the body? Hint: what problem does large gill surface area lead to?
Elasmobranchs maintain TMAO in their bodies? 30. What properties/traits that affect osmoregulation do you think would change when catadromous eels migrate from f.w. to s.w. to spawn? What properties/traits do you think would change when anadromous lampreys migrate from s.w. to f.w. to spawn? 31. From the book. What hormones are involved in the transition from freshwater to saltwater? What hormones are involved in the transition from saltwater to f.w.? 32. Why do some saltwater teleosts lack a glomerulus? Evolution of Male Parental Care 33. What type of parental care is most common among fishes? List 3 possible reasons why this might be. Give 4 examples of male parental care. What evidence is there that male parental care may have evolved as a way for males to be more attractive to females? Why do many females prefer males with eggs in their nests? 34. What was the goal of the Ah-King et al. paper? Why bother testing hypotheses on a phylogenetic tree? Hint: Why not just tally up the number of species that do each trait and figure out the associations with the tallies of species numbers? 35. Explain how figure 1 relates to table 1. What data from figure 1 is being displayed in table 1? What data is being shown in table 2? What data is being shown in table 3? What do the authors conclude from this data? What data is being shown in the following subsection of the tree and how does this pertain to table 1? 
36. Graduate students: look through the list of taxa and designations concerning presence/absence of territoriality, pair versus group spawners, and pair versus sneaker/trio spawning. Can you find any taxa that you think were incorrectly assigned their status? Can you find errors in the phylogenetic tree? List at least 2 criticisms/concerns that you wish the authors had addressed. 37. Why doesn’t parental care evolve in group spawning species? What evidence is there that paternity assurance is/is not important in the evolution of male parental care? Hearing, Equilibrium, & Lateral Line 38. Be able to draw the ampulla in the semi-circular canal and label the following parts: endolymph, hair cells, sensory hairs, cupula. How do fish detect their own movement in water via the ampulla? 39. Be able to draw the otoliths and how they connect to the hair cells via the sensory hairs. Why do fish need otoliths to detect sound? How do hair cells detect sound? 40. How do the Webberian apparatus and the extended swimbladder increase the sensitivity of fish to sound? How do they stimulate the otoliths? Which fish have a Webberian apparatus? Which fish have an extended swimbladder? 41. Draw out a neuromast and label the following parts: hair cells, cupula, sensory hairs. How do neuromasts provide information on the direction of water flow? Where on the fish can neuromasts be located? Which fish have neuromasts in pores as opposed to on the body surface? 42. Why do fish orient their lateral lines so that they “are out of the way” of their pectoral fins? Electroreception 43. Which fish have electroreception? How do ampullary and tuberous organs detect electric signals? How and why does the canal of the ampullary organ differ between freshwater and saltwater species? What types of abiotic and biotic signals can animals detect with electroreception? 44. Why does self-stimulation occur with electric signals? 45. What is the jamming avoidance response (JAR) and how do mormyrids use this? (Hint: read pages 77-78). How do mormyrids use electric signals? Vision, Olfaction, & Taste 46. List 2 ways that vision differs between terrestrial vertebrates versus fish. Specifically, how do fish differ from terrestrial vertebrates in how they move their lenses? How do terrestrial vertebrates differ from fish in how they focus images on their retinas?
at 250m down in the ocean? How do rod pigments reflect theses differences? 48. How does the lighting environment differ between clear water versus lake water versus swamp water? How does bluefin killifish differ between clear water versus swamp water? Is this variation environmental or genetic or both? What is the evidence for each source of variation? 49. Bluefin killifish have 5 cone cell types. Humans have 3. What does this mean for differences in the visual experience between humans and bluefin killifish? 50. Even for fish with only 3 cone cell types, what does it mean if the lambda-max value for a species differs from ours? What is the lambda-max value? 51. What evidence is there that differences in the sensory system environment are related to speciation in cichlids? 52. Explain how the placement of nares differs between Actinopterygiians, lungfish, Coelacanth, and tetrapods. 53. How does smell and taste differ? In terms of detection on the body? In terms of sensitivity? 54. How do salmon make their way back to their natal streams? 55. What is a “startle response” and what are “Mauthner cells”? Did you read pages 78-80? Fish Friday – Mugilomorpha and Atherninomorpha 56. What is the phylogenetic position of the mullets within the bony fishes? 57. What is the unifying trait of the Atherinomorpha? 58. Give an example of experimentation that has been done on the medaka. 59. What are the adaptations flying fish have for flying? 60. What is the purpose of the swordtail’s sword? 61. Which groups have oviparity? Which have viviparity? 62. Where does the Death Valley pupfish live? Fish Friday – Gasterosteiformes 63. What’s so weird about seamoths? 64. Why are sticklebacks great study organisms? 65. Do male seahorses and pipefishes really become “pregnant”? Explain what is meant by this. What is the primary difference between ghost pipefishes and “normal” pipefishes and seahorses? 66. Where are all the fins on a shrimpfish located? Fish Friday – Cypriniformes & Characiformes 66. What are 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages to using Schreckstoff signals that you can think of? 66. Explain what has happened to allow the evolution of pharyngeal dentition? 67. For what evolutionary purpose do you think the weather fish has developed sensitive to atmospheric pressure? 68. Why do you think larger ploidy numbers reflect larger organisms? 69. What is unique about Balitorid river and hillstream loaches? Fish Friday – Protacanthopterygii 70. Describe life-history of an Atlantic Salmon. 71. What species of fish has the largest fresh water distribution? 72. What are some problems facing salmon populations today? 73. Describe the preditorial strategy of a Northern Pike? 74. List two things that are very unusual about the salamanderfish? Fish Friday – Paracanthopterygii & some others 75. List 2-3 details about each of the following fishes: lanternfish, opahs, oarfish, beardfishes, pirate perch, blind cavefish, pearlfishes, cusk eels, cod, toadfishes, midshipmen, goosefishes, frogfishes, batfishes, deepsea anglerfishes. 76. Why do pirate perch have an anus right under their throats? 77. List some of the traits that blind cavefish have evolved to allow persistence in caves. 78. Explain how technological innovations helped lead to the collapse of the cod fishery. 79. Describe the mating system of the deepsea anglerfishes. Fish Friday – Siluriformes 80. Is the group Siluriformes a monophyletic group or a paraphyletic group? 81. Do you consider Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to be sister groups? 82. How do facial phenotypes explain feeding behaviors of the Siluriformes? 83. Why are the Mekong catfish so susceptible to over exploitation? 84. What is the most important thing to not do when swimming in central or south America? fish list Gasterosteidae, stickleback family Gasterosteaus aculeatus, 3-spined stickleback Pegasidae, seamoths / Pegasus fish ghost pipefishes, pipefishes & seahorses, trumpetfish, cornetfishes, snipefishes, shrimpfishes mullets, rainbowfish, silversides, grunion, needlefish, flyingfish, medaka, halfbeaks, topminnows, live-bearers, four-eyed fish, pupfish, Devil’s Hole pupfish Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, suckers , loaches, Balitorid river loach, Hillstream loach, Characiformes, Piranha lizardfish, lancetfish, daggertooth, tripodfish, barbeled dragonfish, hatchetfish, bristlemouth salmon, salamanderfish, barreleyes, smelt , mudminnows, pike lanternfish, opahs, oarfish, pirate perch, trout perch, blind cavefishes, goosefishes , toadfishes, pearlfishes, cusk eels, cods, deepsea anglers Siluriformes, Gymnotiformes, giant Mekong catfish, electric eels and knifefishes, candiru Directory: 463 -> IB463files 463 -> Curriculum vitae I. Surname 463 -> Dues Increase & State of the Union 463 -> Civil Division General Information Booklet 463 -> Running header: Offshore Drilling Unearthing Offshore Drilling IB463files -> Review Questions for Test 3 Ichthyology 2008 Breeding Strategies 463 -> Charlotte charlton 463 -> Vivienne Lee univ 112 Download 265.7 Kb. Share with your friends:
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