Review Questions for Test 3 Ichthyology 2008 Breeding Strategies



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Review Questions for Test 3 – Ichthyology 2008
Breeding Strategies
1. Explain the difference between pelagic and demersal eggs. Where does each go in the water column? What are the consequences for gene flow among populations? Give an example of a pelagic and a demersal spawner.
2. Explain the difference iteroparity and semelparity. Are capelin iteroparous or semelparous? How did the capelin spawn? List 2-3 groups of fish that are semelparous. List 2-3 groups of fish that are iteroparous.
3. Distinguish between promiscuous, polyandrous, polygynous, and monogomous breeding systems. List 2 groups of fish that display each breeding type.
4. Distinguish between simultaneous, protandrous, and protogynous hermaphrodites and given an example of each. What is the “size advantage model” for the evolution of sex change in fishes? (page 351) When does it predict protandrous hermaphroditism and when does it predict protogynous hermaphoriditism?
5. What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual traits? (page 353). Give examples of each.
6. What is a “spawning rush” and why do some species do this?

7. How do Corydoras fertilize their eggs? (page 357).


8. Accord to the data presented by Mendelson, what evolves faster - prezygotic or post-zygotic isolation? What is the evidence for this?
9. What has a larger influence on reproductive isolation between E. luteovinctum and E. hopkinsi - behavioral, gametic, or postzygotic isolation? What is the evidence for this?
Scorpaeniformes
10. What character unites the Scorpaeniformes? How old is the oldest documented teleost? What type of fish was the oldest documented teleost? Explain the reproductive biology of Scorpanidae (Scorpionfishes).
11. What is unique about the sea robins and flying gurnards? Do flying gurnards really fly?
12. Which members of Scorpaneiformes can be found in freshwater?
13. Why have swamp eels had a negative effect on areas where they have been introduced? Why were they introduced? Give 3 reasons why swamp eels are so difficult to eradicate. How many species of swamp eel have been introduced into the US? Has there just been a single introduction or have there been multiple introductions? What is the evidence for this?
14. Describe the fin morphology of swamp eels.
Cold Tolerance in Antarctic Fishes

15. Why do fish in the Antarctic need an anti-freeze mechanism? Why don’t

marine invertebrates who are isosmotic with sea water need an anti-freeze

mechanism?


16. List the two barriers that keep Antarctic fauna separate from that in the Indian,

Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Why was the Antarctic fauna much more diverse

40 MYA?
17. Some teleosts can actually handle being super-cooled. The trick is to prevent

the formation of ice crystals in the fish. List the 3 main strategies by which

Antarctic fish can do this.
18. List the two ways that fish living in close approximation with ice avoid forming ice crystals internally. How is the anti-freeze mechanism of the Notothenioids different from the anti-freeze used by a car?
19. Where did AFGP arise from in Nototheniods? What is the evidence that the evolution of AFGP played a role in the diversification of this group?
20. From which gene did AFGP arise from?
21. Arctic ods also have an AFGP. There are two possible ways this could have happened. First, the common ancestor could have also possessed the AFGP gene. Second, the gene could have evolved independently in the two different groups. Which one is most likely? Provide 3 lines of evidence to support your answer.
Patterns in Illinois Fishes
22. How many species of freshwater fish are there in N.A. north of Mexico? How

many occur east of the continental divide? What are some reasons for this?


23. Which 5 fish families account for the greatest number of species in the US? In Illinois? Which is the area of highest fish diveresity in the US?
24. Give 5 reasons why general faunal surveys are informative.
25. List 4 “major” types of fish habitats in Illinois.
26. List 5 reasons for declines/extinctions in Illinois fishes. For each factor, list one fish species that is affected. List 4 reasons why some fish species are doing better now.
27. List 5 reasons why non-native fishes are introduced. For each one, give an example.
28. Who was Stephen Forbes and who was Phil Smith, and what was their

contribution to Illinois Ichthyology?


Big Old Grab Bag of Fish including Stargazers, weeverfish, dragonets, clingfish, and blennies
29. Describe the position of the pectoral and pelvic fins for the following groups:

stargazers, weeverfish, sanddivers, blennies, clingfish, dragonets. Which of these

fish have venom associated with spines? Where are these venomous spines

located.
30. Describe the mating systems of stargzers, blennies, clingfishes, and dragonets.


31. Describe the adaptations of stargazers and weeverfish that allow them to live

submerged in the sand.


32. Where do clingfish live and how does the morphology of their pelvic fins reflect

this?
33. Who are the sabre-toothed blennies and what do they eat? Describe their

strategy for eating.
Introduction to Life-Tables
34. A population of Aphredoderus sayanus starts out with 1000 newborn individuals. At age 1, there are 200 animals left, at age 2 there are 100, at age 3 there are 20. At age 4 there are 2. At age 5 they are all dead. Reproduction begins at age 2. Females at age 2 produce an average of 10 eggs. At age 3, they produce 200 eggs. At age 4 they produce 250 eggs.
a. From this data, calculate the life-table including p(x), l(x), m(x), the product of l(x)m(x), Ro, T, r, and λ. Define in words p(x), l(x), m(x), the product of l(x)m(x), Ro, T, r, and λ.
b. Calculate the sensitivity and elasticity that results from a 10% increase to each of the elements in the life-table. Make sure to do this for p(x). Note that the equations are at the end of this word document.
c. Which elements have the biggest effects on λ? Which elements do you think are most likely to be modifiable? Which ones can humans effect by alterations to habitat? Which ones might be capable of responding to selection?
35. Book Question: Describe the trade-off between early versus late

maturation. Why does this occur?


36. Book Question: Describe the trade-off between egg number and egg

size. What are the benefits to having larger eggs?


Life-Tables & Salmon

Questions 37-39 refer to the matrix shown below from Kareiva et al.







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