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- No Link – Space Isn’t Guided By the Frontier Metaphor
- Link Turn – Frontier Metaphor Good
GlossaryFrontier – The edge of a nation’s territory. More than just a border, a frontier is a place where it is expected that a country’s settlers will eventually move to and assimilate. Ethics - Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. Ideology – a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political policy Nationalism/nationalistic – nationalism is a feeling of pride for the country you come from. Nationalistic actions are those taken on behalf of your country. Manifest destiny - The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable Expansionist – Expansionist policies are meant to expand the United States’ influence to new areas. Metaphor - A thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, esp. something abstract. Many think that the frontier and manifest destiny have become the guiding metaphor for space exploration Discourse – Written or spoken communication or debate Subjugate – Bring under domination or control, esp. by conquest Aesthetic preferences – Aesthetic preferences are someone’s preferences for how something should look. Calling environmentalism an “aesthetic preference” is a derogatory way to saying that environmentalism is not important to save the planet, but it is merely a personal preference for how the Earth should look. No Link – Space Isn’t Guided By the Frontier Metaphor[____] [____] Frontier mythology won’t automatically apply to space just because you can find similarities—each frontier is unique to the time period and modern ideas distort the history of frontier expansion Dale M. Gray, President of Frontier Historical Consultants, 1999, “Space as a frontier - the role of human motivation,” Space Policy, August Frontiers have the reputation for generating a ‘Frontier Mentality’. This is generally thought of in terms of the American frontier mythos. The sturdy pioneer is seen as independent, self-sufficient, and highly motivated to provide a better life for his family. He is also portrayed as having little regard for any environmental devastation or for any indigenous society he might encounter. While there were no doubt pioneers with these qualities, these values reflect the unique mixing of the historic society and the realities of the resources being utilized on the frontier at that time. Further, our perception of the past is distorted by the ethics of our society and the historic, social and entertainment mediums by which the picture of the past is presented. If historic frontiers are studied in some detail, it soon becomes apparent that each has a unique set of values, ideals and mind-sets. Link Turn – Frontier Metaphor Good[____] [____] Frontier imagery is essential to productively using space – it’s the only thing that can motivated people to overcome the initial hardships in exploration. No one wants to risk their life to visit a space park. Dale M. Gray, President of Frontier Historical Consultants, 1999, “Space as a frontier - the role of human motivation,” Space Policy, August Charisma, often overlooked in frontier histories and economic plans, is the motivation that pulls men and women forward into the wilderness to seek their fortunes. Reasons to participate in frontiers can be as numerous as participants – ranging from personal desire for wealth to larger ideologies that shape the course of nations. Among the most common reasons to participate in a frontier is the belief that frontiers offer opportunities no longer available in civilization. It is this belief that sustains participants through unimaginable hardships and failures. In the 1840s, families struggling to make a living on too small farms packed their possessions and crossed the North American continent on the Oregon Trail. Businesses utilize the charisma of frontier to increase profits. From the 1870s through 1890s railroads promoted rail travel to the American West in crowded cities in the American east and in Europe by advertising the cheap and fertile western lands. Nations also utilize frontier issues and ideologies to advance their own agendas. Manifest Destiny which was a belief that the United States should stretch from sea to sea, was a rallying cry for those promoting the settlement of Oregon. Without human motivations, there would be little reason for a frontier participant to work the long hours, face the dangers and assume the risk of a frontier when economic security can be more easily obtained in the comforts of civilization. [___] Frontier imagery can be motivating and spur people to seek a better life and escape injustice Dale M. Gray, President of Frontier Historical Consultants, 1999, “Space as a frontier - the role of human motivation,” Space Policy, August Frontiers have an intrinsic appeal not only to nations and investors, but to individuals as well. Daniel Boone sought the solace of solitude of the wilderness. The Pilgrims were only the first of many groups to escape religious constraints by moving to the American frontier to set up utopian communities. Talented young men eager to prove their worth, tended to enter into frontiers to make a name for themselves. Others, with dubious pasts, escaped to the frontier so that they could start life anew with a clean slate. The reasons for individuals to participate in frontiers are many, but in their basic forms they can be listed as: freedom, opportunity and adventure. The call of the frontier brings meaning and challenge to personal lives. It inspires. The chance to live and work in space is a motivator that has inspired students for four decades. Homer Hickam in the autobiographical movie October Sky found a way out of a dying West Virginia coal town by following his rocketry interests. Ultimately, he was able to attend college and work for NASA as an engineer. The motivator is not exclusively American, Franklin ChangDiaz who grew up in Costa Rica followed his dreams to the USA to graduate from MIT and become an astronaut. He has to date flown on six Shuttle missions. While space is associated with the sciences, it has a place in the dreams and goals of the common man. In the 22–26 March 1999, ‘March Storm’ lobbying effort of ProSpace, many of the participants came from more ordinary walks of life. One participant, Brian Miller of Ohio, is a young father who never got a chance to go to space. He became involved with the ProSpace lobbying effort so that there will be opportunities in space when his son grows up. He is not alone. In a recent American poll, 74% of those interviewed stated that space technology and research should be used for educational purposes in the classroom [5]. Spaceweek, an international organization, has dedicated the first full week of March 1999 to promote space in the classroom and in the community (www.spaceweek.org). 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