U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- The Great Society [1965 – 1966]
- Civil Rights in the U.S. – the Civil Rights Movement
- Television
- Election of 1968 Republicans
- Major Changes brought about by 1968
- Nixon Doctrine
- Détente – cooling off of the Cold War
- Nixon Modern Republicanism
- Election of 1972 Rep
Election of 1964 LBJ promises even more reforms – if he is elected
LBJ is easily re-elected Democrats take the majority in the House (295:140) Democrats also take the majority in the Senate (68:32) LBJ announces his plans for “The Great Society” The Great Society [1965 – 1966] The Eighty-Ninth Congress “the Congress of Fulfillment” [1965] Elementary and Secondary Education Act -$1 Billion to schools [1965] Voting Rights Act -takes away literacy tests -federal examiners – ensure that African-Americans can vote in the South [1965] Medical Care Act Medicare – health insurance to the elderly Medicaid – health care for welfare recipients The Omnibus Housing Act $8 billion to help improve housing [1964] Immigration Act -ends the quota system of 1924 Appalachia Redevelopment Act $1 billion to the Appalachia region Higher Education Act of 1965 $650 million in scholarships and loans National Endowment for Arts and Humanities Promotes cultural and artistic growth Corporations for Public Broadcasting (PBS) Water Quality Act of 1965 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act -urban renewal in various cities Motor Vehicle Safety Act -standardizes safety procedures in auto industry Truth in Packaging Act -requires labels on food -health content, ingredients From 1965 to 1966, 181 out of 200 LBJ-backed pieces of legislations are passed by Congress The Vietnam War, by end of 1966, begins to overshadow the Great Society -the war destroys many of the Great Society programs -took money and attention away from it Was the Great Society successful? Somewhat.
[1948]
Truman desegregates the military Jackie Robinson is the first African-American to play pro-baseball in the Major Leagues [1954] Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka -segregated schools are unconstitutional -Warren Court [1955] Montgomery Bus Boycott -begun by Rosa Parks -led by Martin Luther King Jr. [1957] the Crisis in Little Rock Central High School -“Little Rock Nine” try to enter the school -Faubus, the Gov. of Arkansas, refuses to allow them to enter -Eisenhower calls out troops and forces the desegregation of the school -Civil Rights Act of 1957 – first since Reconstruction of the 1860s [1960] Sit-ins At segregated lunch counters in the South Led by a group called Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – college students Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – led by Martin Luther King, Jr. [1961] Freedom Rides – met with violence [1963] March on Birmingham, AL Also met with violence, led by police chief “Bull” Connor Water hoses Attack dogs Arrests All aired on live TV JFK is forced to act Governor Wallace of AL “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever” – from the U. of Alabama [Aug] March on Washington – “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. [1964] Civil Rights Act is passed -aided by JFK’s assassination -much more powerful than the Act in 1957 Freedom Summer -SNCC and CORE lead drives into South to register African-Americans to vote [1965] March from Selma to Montgomery
Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC Met with violence by the police – leads to Voting Rights Act of 1965 *So far, these strategies follow King’s ideas – nonviolence, direct action, Christian ideals [Aug. 11] Watts, Los Angeles, CA -riots break out – last for six days -40,000 people, $30 million in property damages 34 killed, over 4,000 arrested -sparks riots throughout the country (Chicago, IL; Springfield, MA) [1966] over 150 racial upheavals 40 full-out riots (two of which are the Newark Riots, Detroit) [April 4, 1968] Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated -sparks even more race riots – in Memphis, TN LBJ calls together the Kerner Commission to investigate the riots
Concludes the U.S. is heading toward two societies – one Black, one White Recommend: 2 million new jobs 6 million new housing projects end to de facto segregation in Northern schools income supplementation LBJ largely ignores all of these recommendations due to the Vietnam War Civil Rights Movement -Begins to faction off in mid-1960s – 3 groups Malcolm X Born Malcolm Little Serves ten years in prison Teachings of Islam Promotes violence for civil rights movement Assassinated in 1965 Black Power Led by Stokely Carmichael Black separatism Racial pride Also calls for violence, to “get even” Black Panthers [1966] Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Promote the use of violence Inspires other movements Native American Movement – seize Alcatraz Island – AIM American Indian Movement Mexican American Movement – led by Caesar Chavez (grape boycott) -follows the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. Women’s Rights Movement – The Feminine Mystique by Betty Fredan [1966] National Organization of Women (NOW) is founded The Vietnam War Vietnam – SW Asia -dense forests, low-lying area -grow rice 200 B.C. the Chinese take control over Vietnam 949 A.D. Vietnam becomes independent [1400] the Chinese are unsuccessful in winning it back [1883] the French take over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos – French Indochina [WWII] Japan takes over Vietnam [Aug. 1945] Japan surrenders -Vietnam declares independence – led by Ho Chih Minh [1946] French try to take it back – Ho Chih Minh and Viet Minh fight back [1950] due to Domino Theory, U.S. sends aid to the French [1954] French are defeated at Dim Bien Phu -Geneva Convention split Vietnam at 19th parallel to North and South -North – Ho Chih Minh; South – Ngo Dim Diem (U.S. support) [1956] U.S. refuses to allow the elections to take place since Ho Chih Minh is more popular and also communist [1960] Viet Cong form in South Vietnam – begin attacking Diem’s government -about 900 U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam [1961] JFK sends the Green Berets to Vietnam (more military personnel) -16,000 U.S. personnel in South Vietnam [1963] U.S. government allows Diem to be assassinated [Nov. 22, 1963] JFK is assassinated – how was he going to handle Vietnam? LBJ – wants to escalate the war in Vietnam and keep communism at bay [Feb 1964] leads air strikes [Aug. 1964] Turning point Gulf of Tonkin Incident 2 U.S. patrol boats claim they were attacked by North Vietnamese naval forces LBJ uses this to go before Congress and ask to expand military efforts in Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution [Aug 7, 1964] Gives LBJ a blank check for the war Passes 416:0 in Congress, 88:2 in Senate Escalation of the war Increased troop levels Increase in the draft – 23,300 troops [1965] U.S. – Operation Rolling Thunder U.S. Air Force bombs strategic locations at North Vietnam and Ho Chih Minh Trail (supplied the Viet Cong) Completely unsuccessful LBJ sends more troops to Vietnam [end of 1965] 184,000 troops in Vietnam 65% U.S. supports the war at the time [1966] 385,000 troops in Vietnam [1967] Anti-war movement growing larger 485,000 troops in Vietnam [1968] Turning Point #2 – January 20 Siege at Qe Sanh
Tet – Vietnamese New Year Jan. 30 – Viet Cong lead a massive, coordinated attack on cities throughout South Vietnam, including Saigon (believed to be the safest place in Vietnam) Militarily, U.S. defeats Viet Cong – but is a huge political defeat -all support disappears at home -changes how people see the war 536,000 troops in Vietnam – height will come at end of 1968 with 549,000 troops
[1963] start small [1965] Students for Democratic Society (SDS) -organize protests on college campuses -a man sets himself on fire outside McMamera’s (Sec. of Defense) office at the Pentagon [1967] Anti-war movement grows [1968] Support for the war falls under 30% [1969] 500,000 people show up in D.C. for anti-war rally Television Vietnam – first televised war -images of the war (the ones that make it past censors) are broadcast nightly -leads to more protests Soldiers Most were drafted One in four draftees receive a deferment (get out of service) The average soldier is poor, young (19 is the average age), and less educated Fighting – brutal and tough, and mentally draining
[Jan. 20, 1968] Largest set peace battle of Vietnam War -U.S. marines are surrounded and attacked for 78 days by N. Vietnamese forces [July 6, 1968] U.S. marines leave the area [Jan. 31, 1968] Tet Offense Escalation? William W. Morland (head of military force in Vietnam) asks LBJ for 206,000 more soldiers – 536,000 in Vietnam -but LBJ refuses in March 1968 LBJ [by early 1968] LBJ is a broken man -years of war, anti-war protests -pro-war Hawks vs. anti-war Doves Goes on TV and announces the halting of bombing of North Vietnam – marks beginning of de-escalation) Also announces that he will not run for president in 1968 Eugene McCarthy (anti-war senator) Wins the NH primary vs. LBJ Hawks are angry, Doves are angry RFK enters the nomination race March 1968 Dem. Nominees: Hubert Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, RFK (NY senator) Martin Luther King Jr. [April 4, 1968] while standing on balcony of his Memphis hotel, MLK Jr. was shot and killed by an escaped convict, James Earl Ray -leads to violence and riots in the U.S. in 125 cities -46 people killed -over 3,000 injured, over 27,000 arrested Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy [March 1968] enters Democratic nomination
Supported by: Young Poor African-Americans Hispanics “rightful owner of the presidency” gaining support throughout early 1968 – wins the CA primary RFK is shot and killed while walking through a kitchen after the primary win Killed by Sirhan Sirhan Democratic National Convention At Chicago in Aug. 28, 1968 Hubert Humphrey receives the Democratic nomination Outside the convention, 10,000 protestors gather in a park across the street Richard J. Daly – is angered by their presence and orders for the forced removal of the protestors – violence breaks out Significance – displays the chaotic mess of the Democratic Party Election of 1968
-Nixon becomes president Major Changes brought about by 1968 The Conservatives take over the government Civil Rights Movement -from nonviolence/direct action/Christian ideals – to violence -by Black Panthers Vietnam War [before 1968] goal: to win [after 1968] goal: to get out Richard M. Nixon Raised a Quaker, born in CA Works for OPA during WWII Served in Navy [1942-1945] – gains respect Exceptional serviceman [1946-1951] House of Representatives – served in HUAC (brought down A. Hiss) [1951-1953] Senator [1953-1961] VP under Eisenhower [1952] almost dropped from Ike–slush fund–saved himself with Checkers speech [1960] loses presidency to JFK [1962] loses governor position in CA to Pat Brown [1968] manages to win the president position
VP Spiro Agnew Secretary of State Henry Kissinger Nixon wants to get the U.S. out of Vietnam – kept his plans very secret [Aug 1969] Nixon Doctrine U.S. will give money and moral aid to any country fighting communism, but the U.S. will NOT send troops
[1968] LBJ announces a halt to escalation Kills morale in Vietnam – goal for the soldiers in Vietnam is SURVIVAL Increased desertion [1970] – 70,000 desertions Lack of discipline Racial problems Increased drug use (opium) Increased killing of officers by enlisted men Increased atrocities – MiLai Massacre – killings of innocent people by U.S. soldiers Nixon wants to achieve “peace with honor” Vietnamization -replace U.S. soldiers with South Vietnamese soldiers [1969] 475,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam [1970] 334,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam [1972] 24,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam [1973] less than 275 U.S. personnel in Vietnam
Secret Negotiations between Kissinger and N. Vietnamese Le Duc Tho Escalate Bombing Increases in Cambodia, Laos, and the trade trail “mad bomber” theory – Nixon would continue to bomb North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos until a deal was settled End of the Vietnam War [1970] U.S. and S. Vietnamese troops invade Cambodia - destroy Viet Cong supply bases -leads to more protests at home Kent State and Jackson State protest deaths [1971] South Vietnamese troops invade Laos with U.S. air support [1972] North Vietnam leads the Easter Offensive [Oct 1972] Kissinger announces that “peace is at hand,” gives up peace terms -S. Vietnam will not accept the cease-fire -N. Vietnam begins demanding more concessions from the U.S. Christmas Bombing -ordered by Nixon to get N. Vietnamese back to bargaining table -of Hanoi, Haifang [Jan 23, 1973] Nixon announces that a peace agreement is reached [Jan 27, 1973] U.S., S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam sign Paris Peace Accords U.S. troops leave U.S. prisoners of war return N. Vietnam retains land in S. Vietnam -the end of the Vietnam War Costs of War $150 Billion, economically speaking 58,000 U.S. deaths – 300,000 return wounded countless psychological effects of the war Vietnam – 2 million are killed (an estimate) Cambodia – Khmer Rouge government takes over after U.S. leaves -anti-democratic -kills 40% of Cambodian population [1973-1979] Domino Theory is proven wrong – the world does NOT fall to communism after Vietnam
China [1949] When China goes communist, U.S. refuses to recognize it Nixon wants to improve relations with China [April 1971] U.S. sends in U.S. Ping Pong Team to China [June 1971] Kissinger visits China [Feb 1972] Nixon visits China–one of the most important things in his presidency
Soviet Union [May 1972] Nixon visits Moscow -sign the SALT I Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty -supposedly reduces the arms buildup in U.S. and S.U. -more symbolic
Middle East [1973-1974] Arab oil embargo Nixon & Modern Republicanism The Positives [July 21, 1969] Man walks on the Moon Lunar Module Eagle from Apollo II lands on the Moon Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong walk on the moon Expansion of the Great Society programs (in his first two years) Increase in social security Increase in subsidization of housing for low-income families Increase in job corps Voting age extended to 18-year-olds Increased protection of the environment (more Congress than Nixon) Limit pesticide use Protect endangered species Protect coastal regions Limit emissions of pollutants [1969] National Environmental Policy Act [1970] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -enforce environmental laws Occupational Safety & Health Agency (OSHA) – protect workers’ health [April 1970] first Earth Day celebrated
Revenue sharing -Government gives money to the states to use – but Great Society funding is stopped Result – the states and cities get less money Economy $25 Billion deficit – due to the Vietnam war and the Great Society 5% inflation rate (normal: 2%-3%) [1969] Tax Cut - $2.5 billion in taxes – deficit increases [1970] Nixon raises interest rates lower money supply -higher inflation, higher unemployment, and lower economic growth “Stagflation” [1971] Nixon tries deficit spending – fails Nixon tries devaluing the dollar – fails Nixon tries wage freezes, price freezes, rent freezes for 90 days -all fail
Nixon declares war on “domestic radicals” -Civil rights, protesters, student groups, etc. -who “threaten” society Nixon turns his back on African-Americans Trying to court the Southern vote – scared of Wallace He is against an extension of the Voting Rights Act He is also against the desegregation of Mississippi schools Condemns bussing – was made legal in 1971 by Congress Also: Nixon works to make the Supreme Court conservative -replaces Earl Warren with Warren Burger Harry Blacken, Powell, Rehnquist placed in court
Nixon creates an “enemies list” -to create a list of enemies so Nixon can destroy them Who’s on this list? Edward Kennedy (other brother of RFK and JFK) Walter Mondell Jane Fonda (an actress – goes to N. Vietnam and supports them) The presidents of Yale, Harvard Law, and MIT Barbara Streisand (singer) Paul Newman (actor) Bill Cosby Joe Naimuth (football player – quarterback) Nixon’s heart doctor … etc. Nixon & the White House -create a group called “the plumbers” – to stop leaks in the government Ellsberg is the first attacked – he released the Pentagon papers -showed how U.S. lied in the past
Nixon creates CREEP -Committee to RE-Elect the President -all unnecessary Election of 1972
Nixon has over 60% of the popular vote, while McGovern only had 37% -wins by an overwhelming majority -but in the end, it is CREEP and his efforts to get re-elected that brings his downfall
[1970] CREEP is created, headed by George Mitchell [1971] the “enemies list” is created [June 1971] the “Plumbers” are created – led by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt [Jan. 1972] Liddy develops a plan to bring down Democratic candidates for the 1972 election -Mitchell tells Liddy to develop a lesser-involved plan [June 17, 1972] 5 men, led by James McCord (former CIA agent), break into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel in D.C. – plan on wiretapping the phones -during the break-in, a security guard sees them and calls the police -the five men are caught red-handed At the time, Nixon and the White House disavow any knowledge of the incident -Nixon knows it is CREEP -he could have been clean, but instead he makes his BIGGEST mistake – he orders a cover-up [Oct 1972] Bob Woodward & Carl Burnstein from the Washington Post write an article charging that top White house officials are involved in Watergate -being given information from “Deep Throat” -from the White House – Mark Felt (deputy director in the FBI) -continue to write articles about Watergate throughout the scandal [Nov 1972] Nixon easily wins re-election [Spring 1973] Judge Serica sentences the five burglars to extremely long sentences, hoping to break them (ex. 20 years in prison) -James McCord breaks -admits that White House officials were involved [Feb-Apr. 1973] Special Committee is formed to investigate Nixon’s campaign activities -people begin to resign John Dean – special council to Nixon Archibald Cox is named special prosecutor [May 1973] Hearings begin [June 1973] John Dean admits that Nixon was involved in the Watergate cover-up (but no evidence of the deed) [July 1973] Alexander Butterfield (White House Chief of Staff) -tells the hearings that Nixon has a tape recording system in the Oval Office that records all conversations – due to Nixon’s paranoia -this is the “smoking gun” [Aug-Oct 1973] Cox demands the tapes form Nixon, but Nixon refuses, citing executive privilege and national security concerns [Oct 20, 1973] Saturday Night Massacre Nixon orders the Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox – Richardson refuses and resigns Nixon goes to Deputy Attorney General to fire Cox – the deputy also refuses and resigns Nixon goes to Solicitor General Bork who finally fires Cox [Oct. 1973] VP Spiro Agnew is convicted of income tax evasion -resigns form office – Gerald Ford replaces him -Gerald Ford was the house minority leader – well-liked [April 1974] Nixon releases an edited version of the tapes -despite the editing, Nixon still seems to be nuts [July 27, 1974] House Judiciary Committee adopted the first Articles of Impeachment against Nixon [Aug 5, 1974] Nixon releases an unedited version of the tapes (except for an 18-min gap – what was in that gap is still a mystery) -on tape, Nixon is ordering the Watergate cover-up [Aug 8, 1974] Nixon announces his resignation [Aug 9, 1974] Nixon leaves the White House -Gerald Ford is sworn in as President -Nelson Rockefeller is named VP First time the two highest-ranked government officials are not elected by the people
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