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Chapter 22, Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change
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- Navigate this page:
- Key Concepts: The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans
- Ming China: A Global Mission Refused
- Matteo Ricci and Alan Schall
- Fending Off the West: Japan’s Reunification and the First Challenge
- Tokugawa Ieyasu
- Deshima
- Chapter 22, Quiz Questions
- Essay Questions: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change
- Chapter 23, The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914 Summary
Chapter 22, Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Summary: East and Southeast Asian early modern trends were highly diverse. Most Asian peoples, except in the islands of Southeast Asia, were only marginally affected by the European arrival. India, China, and Japan were not fundamentally reshaped by the West. The peoples o feast Asia developed new political and social strengths while following a policy of isolation in response to global trends. Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India had opened the way to the East for Europeans, but it soon became clear that Europeans had little to offer Asians in exchange for their desired to be conquered by Europeans, but the latter’s sea power allowed control of spice exports and regulation of some parts of the Asian trading network. The Europeans participated in the existing economic and political system, rather then attempting to capture it. Key Concepts: The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans: The Asian trading network linked the Pacific and Indian oceans in three commercial zones. The Arab zone, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, furnished glass and textiles from the Middle East. From the Indian zone came cotton textiles from the Middle East. From the Indian zone came cotton textiles, and from China paper, porcelain, and silks. Valuable spices still dominated the trade, coming from Ceylon and Indonesia. Coastal routes were preferred by all. At the time the Portuguese arrived in the region, no central power controlled trade, and military power was rarely used. The Portuguese changed the rules. Lacking goods desired in the East, the Portuguese resorted to force to obtain the spices they came for. From 1502, when da Gama first entered Asian waters, the Portuguese used their advantage to capture ports. To fortify their growing network, they took Goa and Ormuz. The Portuguese aimed to establish a system in which they would control all traffic in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese were never able to extend the monopoly they desired, even by using the most brutal measures. The Dutch and English arrived in the 1600’s with the Dutch taking an early lead. They built the port of Batavia on Java, well positioned for the spice trade. The Dutch trading empire followed the same lines as the Portuguese. Yet the Dutch eventually turned to peaceful cooperation, concentrating on transporting goods. In general, the Europeans remained on the coastlines, with a few exceptions. For example, the Dutch controlled the north of Java, installing coffee plantations. The Spanish conquest of the Philippines in the 1500s, starting with Luzon and the nearby islands, failed to take Mindanao the northern islands. Tribute systems were established, leaving local rulers in place. Converting Asians to Christianity was made difficult by the secure position of Islam in many areas. Francis Xavier, a Jesuit missionary, made headway in converting low-caste Hindus. Robert di Nobili learned Sanskrit, to help convert high-caste Indians, but had little success. Spanish work in the Philippines led to more converts. Christianity there, however, was a Filipino blend of traditional and Christian beliefs. Great continuity of customs and religious practices in the Philippines mitigated the impact of Christianity. Ming China: A Global Mission Refused: The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, of peasant stock. Influenced by time spent in a Buddhist monastery, he led a rebel group and defeated the Mongol ruler. He claimed the title of Hongwu emperor in 1368, and began a purge of Mongol influences. The Ming emperors reestablished and extended the examination system. Hongwu cleaned up corruption at court. In addition, he tried to rid the palace of intrigues of royal wives and eunuchs. His programs included public works, improving agricultural irrigation and encouraging farming on abandoned lands. The increasing power of the land-lords greatly lessened the impact of these improvements. This gentry class created its own culture to justify its increasing power. Under the Ming emperors, the low place of women and the young was intensified. Agricultural expansion and imports from the Spanish and Portuguese stimulated an economic boom. Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts were imported and became staples. The high demand for Chinese goods meant an influx of American silver. Foreign traders were allowed only on Macao and Canton, and Chinese merchants fared well. In imitation of the gentry, merchants invested in land. The fine arts flourished as well, mainly along traditional lines. The novel achieved its classic form. Under Emperor Yunglo, admiral Zenghe led seven expeditions to the west. The size and scope of these undertakings demonstrated the Chinese capacity to undertake global expansion. Yet the Chinese retreated instead, closing themselves off more firmly than ever. Missionaries to china such as Matteo Ricci and Alan Schall, chose to convert the country from the top down, but they met with little success. Toward the end of the 16th century, the Ming court was weakened by corruption, and the rulers distanced themselves from the people. Public works lapsed, and disaffected farmers turned to banditry. Rebellion brought the Ming dynasty down in 1644, when the last emperor hanged himself to avoid capture. Fending Off the West: Japan’s Reunification and the First Challenge: A series of military rulers brought an end to daimyo warfare in Japan. The first, Nobunaga, used European firearms to depose the Ashikaga shogun in 1513. After his death, Toyotomi Hideyoshi pursued his predecessor’s killers. Ambitious as well as able, Hideyoshi undertook the conquest of Korea, but failed. His successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu, was acknowledged shogun by the Emperor. Ruling from Edo, the Tokugawa shoguns ended daimyo warfare. European contacts with Japan were increasing in the period of unification, and indeed influenced events. In their own way, firearms and commerce each helped the Tokugawa rulers. Nobunaga patronized Christian missionaries, hoping to lessen the power of militant Buddhist orders. However, under Hideyoshi, Christians came to be seen as a threat. Hideyoshi expelled the Christian missionaries and then persecuted their converts. Ieyasu went further, attempting to rid the islands of all Europeans. By the mid-17th century, European contact was limited to Dutch trade on Deshima island. In this climate, the School of National Learning focused on the uniqueness of Japanese history and culture. Key Terms: Malacca Dutch Trading Empire Caravels Forbidden City Manchu Hongwu Tokugawa Ieyasu Edo Nobunaga Deshima Chapter 22, Quiz Questions 1) All of the following were sources of disappointment to the Europeans who arrived in Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries EXCEPT A) Asians were uninterested in European trade goods. B) Asians were uninterested in converting to Christianity. C) Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished. D) the Europeans were too few in numbers to exert force on Asian kingdoms. E) Asian culture was thriving and diverse. 2) Despite their armaments, what factor convinced the Europeans that they could make little headway against the kingdoms of Asia? A) Inferiority of European ships B) Distance from European ports C) European lack of bullion D) Large populations of Asian kingdoms E) Armed resistance to European trade 3) What was the Portuguese lesson learned at Calicut? A) Indian markets had little of interest to Western consumers. B) Indians refused to trade with Europeans. C) Western products brought for trade were of little or no value. D) Western bullion was of no use in the East. E) European goods were much sought after in India. 4) What was the significance of the mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia that surrounded the three great manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network? A) These regions were virtually the sole consumers of goods made in the manufacturing regions. B) These regions fed raw materials—precious metals and forest products—into the trading network. C) These regions provided the military defense for the manufacturing regions. D) These regions had no relationship to the three main manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network. E) These regions provided the medium of exchange in the form of gold and silver. 5) What was the nature of the sea routes in the Asian trading network? A) Well-established routes directly crossing the major oceans were maintained from ancient times. B) Most of the navigation consisted of sailing along the coastlines and avoiding open seas. C) Only the Chinese and Arabs practiced navigation in the Asian trading network. D) The only sea-going routes crossed the Indian Ocean from the Swahili ports of east Africa to India. E) They were restricted to the South China Sea and the Sea of Japan. 6) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Asian sea trading network? A) The entire network was dominated by Arab merchants who worked in common cause to establish a monopoly of trade. B) The Chinese, as a result of their naval superiority, were able to secure military dominance of the system. C) There was no central control, and force was usually absent from commercial exchanges. D) The system functioned only so long as it was administered from the Ottoman Empire with the tacit support of the Ming dynasty. E) The Chinese empire kept the peace through the use of heavily armed junks. 7) Why were the Portuguese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system? A) The doctrine of mercantilism equated possession of bullion with power and argued against negative trade balances. B) They had none. C) There was little merchandise that the Portuguese considered of value in the Asian trade network. D) All of Portuguese bullion was exchanged for slaves in the African commercial system. E) They were sending bullion to England to pay for weapons. 8) Why did the Portuguese believe they could successfully enter the Asian sea trading by force? A) The Asian empires lacked navies. B) There was little military force in any of the Muslim or Asian empires. C) The Portuguese realized that their armies were more numerous than those of the Asian opponents. D) Portuguese ships were more maneuverable and better armed than those of their Asian opponents. E) The European trade zones were easily dominated by force. 9) How successful was the Portuguese monopoly on Asian products? A) For some decades they were able to maintain a complete monopoly over Asian products shipped to Europe. B) Though they managed to monopolize some spices grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly. C) The Portuguese were unable to achieve control over any Asian products due to competition from the Chinese commercial navy. D) The Portuguese monopoly was rigidly enforced over Asian products for almost two centuries. E) Other European trade powers were frozen out of the market due to the success of the Portuguese establishing fortified trade ports. 10) How did the Dutch commercial strategy within the Asian trade network differ from that of the Portuguese? A) The Dutch lacked a substantial navy, and could not use warships to maintain their commercial advantage. B) The Dutch did not make use of fortified towns and factories. C) The Dutch were more systematic in their monopoly control of a limited number of specific spices. D) The Dutch were more humane in their treatment of island peoples who cultivated the spices. E) The Dutch were more interested in establishing permanent settlements such as Batavia. 11) In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century? A) For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful commerce came to be more profitable than forcible control and monopolies were aimed at European rather than Asian rivals. B) Both northern European nations abandoned the commerce in spices in favor of cotton and silk textiles. C) Unlike the Portuguese and Spanish, the northern European nations undertook wholesale conversion to Protestantism of the inhabitants of the Spice Islands. D) As allies, the Dutch and English were able to establish a naval supremacy in Asia sufficient to monopolize all trade within the Asian sea trading network. E) Military expansion enabled greater commercial control due to the series of religious wars that had broken out in Europe. 12) In what sense was the Spanish conversion of the Filipinos similar to their experience in the Americas? A) All Christian tenets were taught in the language of the indigenous peoples. B) Filipino conversion to Christianity was predicated on political equality with the Spanish conquerors. C) Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos' brand of Christianity represented a creative blend of earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity. D) Few Filipinos were converted to Christianity. E) Filipinos were easily converted to Protestant faiths. 13) Which of the following was NOT a European contribution to the Asian sea trading network? A) The addition of new routes, including the link to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope B) The introduction of sea warfare into the Asian trade network C) The establishment of new trading centers such as Goa, Calicut, and Batavia D) The establishment of an exchange of new crops and diseases similar to the "Columbian Exchange" with the Americas E) A global flow of silver starting in the Americas and ending in China 14) Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced by the first Ming emperor? A) The position of the scholar-gentry within the bureaucracy was restored. B) State subsidies for imperial academies and regional colleges were reinstituted. C) Family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated. D) The civil service examination system was reinstated. E) The position of chief minister was abolished. 15) Which of the following was a reform instituted by the first Ming emperor to reduce court factionalism and the power of the scholar-gentry? A) A chief minister was appointed from the royal family to oversee all work of the imperial bureaucracy. B) Corrupt or incompetent members of the bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the bare buttocks. C) Imperial wives could only come from specified noble families of good repute. D) Eunuchs were expelled from the royal household. E) Exams were more complex and were based on the Legalist school. 16) Which of the following statements concerning Ming reforms in favor of the peasantry is most accurate? A) The early Ming emperors were completely uninterested in the plight of the peasantry. B) The first Ming emperor attempted to increase the forced labor demands on the peasantry in order to restore the Chinese economy following the expulsion of the Mongols. C) Despite some attempts to improve economic conditions for the peasantry, the growing power of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy and landless laborers. D) The Ming reforms resulted in a reduction in the authority of the local landlords and the establishment of small farming operations throughout China. E) Peasants were made exempt from all taxation due to Hongwu being a peasant himself. 17) Which of the following statements concerning Ming social organization is most accurate? A) The adoption of more Buddhist beliefs began to break down the strict patterns of deference that had been customary in Han and Song China. B) Occupational alternatives for women of all social levels dramatically expanded during the Ming era. C) Among the groups granted almost total freedom from the bonds of social status were the students seeking entry into the scholar-gentry. D) Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian ideology, Ming society remained rigidly stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to elders and women to men. E) Social roles were more flexible than before due to the influence of Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci. 18) Which of the following reasons is at least in part responsible for the peopling of the Yangtzi region in the southern part of China during the Ming era? A) The introduction of crops from the Americas that could be cultivated on inferior soils and did not require irrigation B) The enforced migration of remaining Mongols within the Chinese population to the region of the Yangtzi C) The abandonment of rice and millet cultivation in the region in favor of wheat introduced by Portuguese merchants D) The opening of the region to settlement from Siam and Vietnam E) The overpopulation of the northern provinces of China led to the Ming ordering a mass migration 19) Which of the following statements concerning the Ming economy is most accurate? A) Merchants failed to realize profits from the Ming commercial boom. B) Almost all commercial profits were reinvested in trade. C) The Chinese government did not tax trade, thus did not profit from commercial growth. D) Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a means of social advancement. E) European markets became increasingly important to the Ming emperors. 20) Why did the Chinese abandon the commercial voyages of the Zheng He expeditions? A) Many of the ships were lost as a result of poor ship design and inadequate sailing technology. B) The size of the fleets was so limited that they could not compete with the greater capacity of the European voyages. C) There was little of value for the Chinese to import in trade, and the voyages were expensive to carry out. D) The trade with foreign regions produced a negative balance of trade for China that drained bullion from imperial coffers. E) Chinese commerce was not competitive enough due to competition from the Europeans. 21) Why did the earliest of the Japanese military centralizers accept Christian missionaries? A) His wife was a Christian who was able to exert her influence throughout his household. B) The Portuguese supplied a large army to rulers who offered to accept Christianity. C) Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of central rule. D) Prior to his first military victory, Hideyoshi saw a cross in the sky. E) He was intimidated by the military might of the Portuguese. 22) Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century? A) Christianity was banned and Christians were persecuted. B) Foreign traders were confined to the island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay. C) Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the influence of thinkers who championed the school of "National Learning." D) The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance. E) Western books were banned. Essay Questions: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Define the characteristics of the Asian sea trading network. In what ways did the European incursion change the Asian system? What was the nature of the Ming restoration of traditional Chinese values? What innovations were made? Compare and contrast Chinese and European means and motives for commercial expansion. Following the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, what was the nature of Japanese isolation? Evaluate the impact of the European entry into the Asian sea trading network. Chapter 23, The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914 Summary: During the period of 1750 to 1914 new technologies and economies arose in parts of the world. The countries in these parts of the world, generally in Europe, gained powerful advantages over the rest of the world. The triggers for this shift in world history came form a series of inventions the originated in Great Britain and spread to Europe and the United States. This industrialization led to new forms of work organization and the development of the factory system. It also changed politics as a new middle class sought a political voice. Finally, industrialization provided a context for imperialist tendencies of the West. Although these changes were revolutionary, its results were spread out over many years with resistance on the regional and cultural level. The impact of the industrialization is most evident with the transformation of leisure. New kinds of leisure were developed to decrease time form work. This trend also influenced agricultural regions. Key Concepts: Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. 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