Darlington, 1879



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Wildon, Robert Carrick (1817-57), of North Bierley, Yorkshire, of humble parentage, job tailor, who married young and whose later life was ‘one continual struggle with poverty and sickness’. He ‘contrived to educate himself in a way one can hardly realize, when we consider his scant means and opportunities’. As these quotes suggest, the headnote on Wildon in Forhsaw, written by George Ackroyd who had interviewed him, is interesting in its small details and describes an interaction in which Ackroyd suggested themes to the poet. He published a number of volumes, died in Bradford infirmary and is buried in Bingley cemetery, a ‘few yards away’ from John Nicholson the Airedale poet (qv). Pub. The Poacher’s Child: Founded on Facts (London: J. Watson, 1853); Tong, or a Summer’s Day; The Forbidden Union; and other Poems (Leeds: Christopher Kemplay, 1850); The Beauties of Shipley Glen, Saltaire, and lines on visiting the grave of Nicholson, the Airedale poet (Bingley: John Harrison and Sons, 1856), and A Voice from the Sycamore, on Elm Tree Hill, Bingley (Bingley: J. Dobson, 1856). Ref Forshaw 175-7; Holroyd II; COPAC.

Will, Charles (b. 1861), of Methlie, Aberdeenshire, asylum attendant, police officer, pub. in newspapers. Ref: Edwards, 9, 365-8. [S]

Williams, Alfred (Owen Alfred Williams, 1877-1930), born in South Marston, near Swindon, Wiltshire, railway factory worker, self-taught folklorist and poet, wrote about rural and industrial life. Pub. Songs in Wiltshire (1909), Poems in Wiltshire (1911), Nature and other Poems (1912), Cor Cordium (1913), Selected Poems with an Introduction by John Bailey (London: Erskine MacDonald, 1926), and the prose works Life in a Railway Factory (1915) Folk Songs of the Upper Thames (London: Duckworth, 1923), and Tales from the Panchatantra (1931). Ref: ODNB; Unwin, 165-89; Leonard Clark, Alfred Williams of Swindon (Bristol: William George’s Sons and Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1945; Alfred Williams, In a Wiltshire Village: Scenes from Rural Victorian Life, ed. M. J. Davis (Alan Sutton; 1981, 1992). Link: http://www.alfredwilliams.org.uk/ [OP]

? Williams, Anna (1706-83), blind poet, born at Rosemarket, Pembs. but moved to London at age twenty-one and spent the rest of her life there; in 1727, her father moved into the Charterhouse, a school and almshouse for gentlemen under financial duress, though it is unclear if he was a supporter or a dependent; Williams became blind after an operation on her eyes in 1752; she was acclaimed and supported by Samuel Johnson, who helped her with Miscellanies in Prose and Verse (1766). Ref: OCLW; Gramich & Brennan, 60-63, 395. [W] [F] [—Katie Osborn]



Williams, E., working man of Bristol, pub. The City at Night, and other poems (London, 1864). Ref: Reilly (2000), 497.

Williams, Edward (‘Iolo Morganwg’, 1746-1826), Glamorgan born stonemason, poet and antiquarian, an important and controversial figure in Welsh cultural history; now the subject of a multi-volume research project from the University of Wales Press and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, Aberystwyth, including a three-volume edition of his Letters, three monographs and a collection of essays. ~ Williams was born at Pennon, Glamorgan, the eldest of four sons to Edward, a stonemason, and his wife Ann Matthews, the well-educated ‘daughter of a gentlemen who had wasted a pretty fortune’. Deprived of formal schooling due to wretched health, Williams learned to read by watching his father inscribe letters onto gravestones and through his mother teaching him songs from The Vocal Miscellany. ~ Williams adopted his father’s profession, while finding time to explore Welsh verse and develop his poetic craftsmanship with the aid of local bards such as Lewis Hopkin and Rhys Morgan. As a wandering stonemason in London and Kent from 1773 to 1777 he encountered the Society of Gwyneddigion and became an active participant in the vibrant Welsh sector of the capital. It was during this period that Williams’s imagination was stirred by the manuscript poems of Dafydd ap Gwilym. ~ After returning to Glamorgan, Williams married Margaret Roberts in 1781, ‘apostrophising her as Euron in love poems imitating those of Dafydd ap Gwilym’ (Morgan). The relationship grew trying as Williams moved from farming in Monmouthshire to building in Llandaff to trading along the Bristol Channel, attempting to offset the frustrations of such drudgeries by copying ancient manuscripts and composing fake Welsh medieval poetry. Williams fled to Wales to evade his debt creditors in England before undergoing a spell in Cardiff gaol in 1786-7. Of the four children he and his wife bore, two survived. ~ Williams’s discourse on Welsh metrics, ‘The Secret of the Bards of the Isle of Britain’ – illustrating that ‘Glamorgan bards had never accepted the classical rules of Welsh poetry agreed in 1453’ (Morgan) – was a product of his time in prison. Additionally, he produced poems that were redolent of Dafydd ap Gwilym’s verse to the point of being included as an appendix in a 1789 edition of Dafydd’s works and deemed to be Dafydd’s authentic compositions for over a century. ~ Williams’s conception of Glamorgan bards uniquely perpetuating primeval druidic tradition was submitted in The Gentleman’s Magazine (November 1789), and in 1791 he revisited London, declaring that he was the conduit for all the mysteries of Druidism. He staged the first ceremony – as well as inventing the rites and rituals – of ‘The Gorsedd of Bards of the Isle of Britain’ at Primrose Hill the following year. As a figure aiming to preserve and revitalise Welsh heritage and tradition, Williams became known by his bardic name of Iolo Morganwg, and the ceremony later became one of the chief attractions at the National Eisteddfod. Williams stayed in London until 1795, supported by a large circle of friends, including Robert Southey, who granted him a moving tribute in the epic poem Madoc (1805). He indulged in his laudanum habit – of which he wrote: ‘Thou faithful friend in all my grief, / In thy soft arms I find relief, / In thee forget my woes’ – and the publicising of myths such as America’s discovery by the twelfth-century Welsh price Madoc, and the existence of a manuscript at Raglan Castle representing a record of the bardic institution traced back to the settlement of Britain. He even planned an expedition to America in search for a tribe of Welsh-speaking Indians, but ultimately left his young recruit to journey alone. ~ In 1794, Williams produced his first genuine work, Poems Lyrical and Pastoral, a two-volume set so popular that its subscribers ostensibly included George Washington and the Prince of Wales. Tim Burke (LC3, 276) suggests that there is considerable ambition in Williams’s attempt ‘to fuse the genres of lyric and pastoral, in order to construct a new sense of the relationship between the aesthetics of solitude and the ethics of community’. Reviewing the volume, the British Critic (1794) wrote: ‘Highly indeed do we disapprove of the violent and intemperate spirit which distinguishes Mr Williams in his preface, and many of his notes, but we are nevertheless equally ready to do him justice as a poet, and to confess that a portion of genius, harmony, and taste marks his compositions’. ~ Despite the warm reception of Poems, the near-starvation of his family led him back to masonry in Flemingston and then shopkeeping in Cowbridge. He joined Owen Jones and William Owen Pughe as editors of The Myvyrian Arcaiology (3 vols., 1801-7)—the first printed corpus of Welsh medieval literature. After several years delving into Unitarianism, Williams became a founder of the South Wales Unitarian Society in 1802, the author of its book of regulations and a considerable quantity of hymns published a decade later. ~ Williams spent his later years in his cottage at Flemingston working on his magnum opus, ‘The History of the British Bards’, hoping to illuminate the entire history of the Druids to the world, surrounded by manuscripts. He died in 1826 before he could complete it, and the massive collection of material was donated to the National Library of Wales in 1916, just prior to Griffith John Williams’s commencement of his lifetime study of Edward Williams. He concluded that ‘although a pioneering Romantic poet in Welsh, and the most talented writer of the eighteenth-century Welsh cultural renaissance, he had forged a vast quantity of Welsh historical material’ (Morgan). Numerous publications. Ref: OCLW; LC 3, 275-96; ODNB; Radcliffe; Prys Morgan, Iolo Morganwyg (Cardiff, 1975); Geraint H. Jenkins, Facts, Fantasy and Fiction: The Historical Vision of Iolo Morganwg (Aberystwyth, 1997); A Rattleskull Genius: The Many Faces of Iolo Morganwg, ed. Geraint H. Jenkins (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2005, 2009); Geraint H. Jenkins, Ffion Mair Jones and David Ceri Jones (eds.), The Correspondence of Iolo Morganwg (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007), 3 vols; Mary-Ann Constantine, The Truth Against the World: Iolo Morganwg and Romantic Forgery (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007); Cathryn A. Charnell-White, Bardic Circles: National, Regional and Personal Identity in the Bardic Vision of Iolo Morganwg (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007); Marion Löffler, The Literary and Historical Legacy of Iolo Morganwg 1826-1926 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007); http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=historyofthebritishbardsnl; Sutton, 999-1000 (his collected papers are owned by the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth). [LC 3] [W] [—Iain Rowley]

? Williams, Eliseus (Eifion Wyn, 1867-1926), schoolteacher and accountant; born at Porthmadog, Caerns., received little education outside of Sunday School, but still became a teacher in Porthmadog and later at Pentrefoelas; in 1896 he began work as a clerk and accountant for the North Wales Slate Company; some of his hymns and poems are still popular as recitation pieces. Pub: Telynegion Maes a Mor (1906), Ieuenctid y Dydd (1894), Y Bugail (c. 1900), Caniadau’r Allt (posthumous, 1927), O Drum I Draeth (posthumous 1929). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Griffith (‘Gutyn Peris’, 1769-1838), quarryman, born at Waunfawr, Caerns. but lived most of his life in Llandygái; student of Dafydd Ddu Eryri (David Thomas, qv); participated in a bardic ceremony organized by Iolo Morganwg (Edwards Williams, qv) during the Dinorwic Eisteddfod in 1799; defended the cynghanedd form against Ieuan Glan Geirionydd (Evan Evans, qv) in Y Gwyliedydd, a Wesleyan newspaper; pub: Ffrwyth Awen (1816). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

? Williams, Huw Owen (‘Huw Menai’, 1888-1961), variously employed, weigher and journalist; son of a miner, he was born at Caernarfon, and began work as a weigher at Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan in 1906; political agitator and left-wing journalist and wrote and read in both English and Welsh; began to write poetry during WWI; ‘wrote from time to time about the miner’s life, but his work is in large measure that of a nature poet in the tradition of Wordsworth’ (OCLW); pub. Four volumes of poetry: Through the Upcast Shaft (1920), The Passing of Guto (1929); Back in the Return (1933); The Simple Vision (1945). Ref: OCLW. [W] [OP] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, John (1808-66), of Lecha, west Cornwall, miner, self-taught village schoolmaster, clerk, pub. Miscellaneous Poems (1859); Poems, by the late John Williams, Edited by his son, Thomas Williams (London H. Southern & Co., 1873), which includes a memoir; the songs of largely of a Christian character; they include a poem ‘On the Emancipation of the Slaves in the West Indies in 1834’. Ref: Reilly (2000), 498; Roger Collicott catalogue no. 79, 2007; inf. Bob Heyes.

Williams, John Owen (‘Pedrog’, 1853-1932), gardener and lay preacher; orphan brought up by his aunt at Llanbedrog, Caerns. where he worked as a gardener; got a job for a merchant firm and began preaching in Liverpool in 1878; prolific periodical writer; ‘won more prizes at eisteddfodau than any other poet before or since his day’ (OCLW, 1986); pub: autobiography Stori ’Mywyd (1932). Re: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Owen (‘Owen Gwyrfai’, 1790-1874), cooper, from Waunfawr, Caerns.; student of Dafydd Ddu Eryri (David Thomas, qv); composed elegies, epitaphs, copied Welsh poetry, and collected genealogies, as well as worked on composing a dictionary, called Y Geirlyfr Cymraeg. Pub: Y Drysorfa Hynafiethol (only four parts published, 1839); selection of poetry called Gemau Môn ac Arfon (posthumous 1911); memoir by his son, with a selection of poems, called Gemau Gwyrfai (Thomas Williams, 1904). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

? Williams, Richard (‘Dic Dywyll, Bardd Gwagedd’, c. 1790-1862?), blind balladeer, born in either Anglesey or Caernarfornshire; little is known of his life, but he was “described by his contemporaries as a short, fat man, he used to put his little finger in the corner of his eye when singing ballads” (OCLW); reputed to be “the king of all the balladsingers in South Wales”; witnessed Merthyr Rising and Rebecca Riots; seventy-three of his ballads are preserved in manuscript at the National Library of Wales. Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Richard (‘Gwydderig’, 1842-1917), country poet and miner; born in Brynaman, Carms, and emigrated to Pennsylvania, USA as a young man, where he worked in a mine; spent the last years of his life in his native town in Wales; a great competitor at eisteddfodau, he won more prizes than anyone except Elisius Williams (qv). Pub: Detholion o Waith Gwydderig (posthumous, ed. J. Lloyd Thomas, 1959). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Robert (‘Robert ap Gwilym Ddu’, 1766-1850), farmer and hymn-writer, from Llanystumdwy, Caerns.; bardic tutor of Dewi Wyn o Eifion (David Owen, qv); influenced by Goronwy Owen (qv); ignored contemporary trends in poetry, especially the popularity of the mock epic, and wrote about “the everyday events of his neighborhood” (OCLW); his most famous hymn, ‘Mae’r gwaed a redodd ar y Groes’, was first published in 1824 in the periodical Seren Gomer. Pub: Gardd Eifion (1841); twenty hymns can be found in Aleluia neu Ganiadau Cristionogol (collected by J. R. Jones, 1822). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Robert (‘Trebor Mai’ [‘I am Robert’ backwards], 1830-77), tailor, of Llanrwst, Denbighsire; tutored by Caledfryn (William Williams, qv); pub: Fy Noswyl (1861), Y Geninen (1860), Gwaith Barddonol Prif Englyniwr Cymru (ed. Isaac Foulkes, posthumous, 1883). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

? Williams, Taliesin (‘Taliesin ab Iolo’, 1787-1847), stonemason, schoolmaster and poet; son of Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams, qv) and said to have been born in Cardiff Gaol while his father served a bankruptcy sentence; named after a famous poet of the late sixth century; worked as a stonemason and kept various schools, serving the longest at Merthyr Tydfil, where he died; assisted his father in preparing Cyfrinach Beirdd Ynys Prydain (1829) and believed all of his father’s fabrications; won Chair at the Cardiff Eisteddfod (1834) and a prize at the Abergavenny Eisteddfod (1838). Published two poems of his own, Cardiff Castle (1827) and The Doom of Colyn Dolphyn (1837). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Thomas (‘Eos Gwynfa’, ‘Eos y Mynydd’, c. 1769-1848), weaver; native of Montgomeryshire; pub: Telyn Dafydd (1820); Ychydig o Ganiadau Buddiol (1824); Newyddion Gabriel (1825); Manna’r Anialwch (1831); Mer Awen (1844). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Thomas (‘Brynfab’, 1848-1927), farmer, lived in Eglwys Ilan, Glamorgan, “on the hillside above Pontypridd” (OCLW), well-known literary figure and member of Clic y Bont, a circle of Pontypridd poets and musicians; a prolific periodical contributor, his verse remains uncollected; pub: a novel, Pan oedd Rhondda’n bur (1912). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, Watkin Hezekiah (‘Watcyn Wyn’, 1844-1905), miner and teacher; born in Brynaman, Carms.; worked underground from age eight to thirty years old; in 1874 joined the Presbyterian ministry and served as principal at a Nonconformist school; pub: Caneuon (1871); Hwyr Ddifyrion (1883); Cân a Thelyn (1895); a translation into Welsh of Sankey and Moody, Odlau’r Efengyl (1883); and two novels. Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, William (1801-69), known by bardic name ‘Caledfryn’, son of a Welsh weaver, worked for his father for eight years before becoming a teacher and finally a Congregational minister; participated in the Cymreigyddion Society, won national reputation at the Beaumaris eisteddfod (1832), and was thereafter much in demand at local eisteddfod, winning a silver in 1850 at the Rhuddlan eisteddfod. Pub. A guide to reading and writing in Welsh, Cyfarwyddiadau i ddarllen ac ysgrifennu Cymraeg (1822); and poetry: Grawn awen (1826); Caniadau Caledfryn (1856). His autobiography, Cofiant Caledfryn (1877, ed. by Thomas Roberts), includes previously unpublished verse. Ref: OCLW; ODNB/DNB. [W]

? Williams, William (‘Gwilym Cyfeiliog’, 1801-76), kept a wool shop at Llanbrynmair, Montgomeryshire; wrote strict-meter verse, englynion, and hymns; pub: Caniadau Cyfeiliog (posthumous, 1878). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williams, William (‘Creuddynfab’, 1814-69), farm-labourer and railwayman, stonemason’s son, received little formal schooling; born at Creuddyn, Llandudno, Caerns, and began farm work there; worked on a railway in the Pennines from 1845-1862, and became friends with John Ceiriog Hughes (qv); served as first secretary of the National Eisteddfod Association; as a critic, he censured the Neoclassicism of poets like Caledfryn (William Williams, qv) and encouraged younger poets to write in free meter; pub: Y Barddoniadur Cymmreig (1855). Ref: OCLW. [W] [—Katie Osborn]

Williamson, Daniel (b. 1843), of Clyth, Caithness, ‘the blind poet’ of Inverness and Perthshire, carpenter’s son, worker in many trades, pubs. include a pamphlet, On beholding the Moon for the last Time, which ran to a second edition, and Musings in the Dark. Ref: Edwards, 15, 53-60. [S]

Williamson, Effie (1815-82), of Selkirk, later a Galashiels weaver, daughter of another poet, ‘Mrs Williamson’ (qv); pub. The tangled web: poems and hymns (Edinburgh and Galashiels, 1883); Peaceable Fruits by Effie (Edinburgh, 1885). The author of the volumes may not be the same Effie Williamson as the factory worker whose poems are featured in Edwards. The latter was a native of Galashiels, ‘poetess of Gala Water,’ who lived for a few years in Ireland. She received little education, but was ‘fated to attend the loom, and keep the shuttles busy flying.’ She published in Chambers’s Journal, and wrote sentimental poems on the countryside, the pains of winter, and her weaving; whereas the two volumes are almost exclusively religious. Ref: LC 6, 319-24; Edwards, 2, 304-8 and 8, 192-5; Reilly (1994), 515; inf. Florence Boos. Link: wcwp [F] [I] [S] [LC 6]

Williamson, George Joseph (b. 1816), of Rochester, Kent, fisherman’s son, charity school, errand boy, fisherman, Wesleyan Sunday school teacher, pub. The ship’s career, and other poems (London, 1860, seven edns to 1874). Ref: Reilly (2000), 499.

Williamson, John, (b. 1864), of Brandon, County Durham, coalminer at Wheatley Hill pit. Ref F. R. Brunskill, Life of John Williamson (of Meadowfield, Durham) (Willington, Durham: E. Paxton, 1923); inf. Stephen Regan.

Williamson, Mrs (1815-82), of Selkirk, mother of Effie Williamson (qv), daughter of a ploughman, Robert Milne (qv? [an exceptional man who wrote for the Kelso Chronicle]), in service until marriage, wrote prize-winning essays and poems for local papers and anthologies. Ref: Edwards, 8, 192-5. [F] [S]

Willis, James (b. 1774), of Sheffield, ‘the topographical tailor’, pub. The Contrast, or The Improvements of Sheffield (1827), a popular pamphlet published by the Sheffield Iris. Ref: info Yann Lovelock.

Willis, Matthew, farm labourer, self-educated poet with only ‘two half-days’ of schooling, pub. The Mountain Minstrel; Or, Effusions of Retirement. Poems (York, 1834). Ref: Johnson, item 972; Newsam 170.

Wills, Ruth (1826-1908), of Leicester, daughter of a soldier, educated at a dame school, her father died when she was seven, she worked in warehouses from eight, pub. Lays of Lowly Life (London, 1861, 2nd edn 1862) Lays of Lowly Life Second Series (London, 1868), both in Bodleian. Ref: ABC, 577-80; Reilly (2000), 500; Boos (2008), 219-37. Link: wcwp [F]

Wilson, Alexander (1766-1813), of Paisley, author of Lochwinnoch, weaver, pedlar and packman, later eminent American ornithologist, pub. Poems (Paisley 1790), Poems: Humorous, Satirical, and Serious (1791), The Shark or Land Mills Detected [political satire] (1793), Poems chiefly in the Scottish dialect (London, 1816), American Ornithology (from 1808). Ref: LC 3, 179-92; ODNB; Radcliffe; Harp R, xxvii-xxxii; Wilson, I, 418-27; Johnson, items 974-6; Brown, I, 43-58; Leonard, 8-32 & 373; LION; Sutton, 1003. [LC 3] [S]

Wilson, Alexander (1804-46), of the Manchester ‘Sun Inn’ poets group, youngest of Michael Wilson’s (qv) seven sons, brother of Thomas (qv), painter, author of dialect poems and ‘The Poet’s Corner’ (The Festive Wreath, 1842), and famed for ‘Johnny Green’. See also The Songs of the Wilsons, with A Memoir of the Family, by John Harland (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1865). Ref: Maidment (1987), 163-6; Vicinus (1969), 35-6; Vicinus (1973), 746; Vicinus (1974), 160; Hollingworth (1977), 156; Hollingworth (2013), 295-8.

? Wilson, Alexander Stephen, of Rayne, Aberdeenshire, son of tenant farmer, land surveyor, engineering, assisted Charles Darwin, wrote on physics, pub. A creed of to-morrow (London, 1872); Songs and poems (Edinburgh, 1884); The lyric of A hopeless love (London, 1888). Ref: Reilly (2000), 501; Reilly (1994), 517. [S]

Wilson, Anne, author of Teisa: A Descriptive Poem of the River Teese, Its Towns and Antiquities. By Anne Wilson (Newcastle upon Tyne: Printed for the Author, 1778), describes herself as poor and living in rented accommodation. Ref: LC 2, 363-74; Lonsdale (1989), 354-5; Jackson, 377; Keegan (2008), 98-121. [F] [LC 2]

Wilson, Arthur (b. 1864), of Dalry, Ayrshire, weaver from age 10, miner at 15; pub a ‘neat little volume of poems’ (Kilmarnock: James McKie, 1884). Ref: Edwards, 7, 182-5. [S]

Wilson, Charles (1891-1968), coal miner and local poet of Willington, County Durham; leaving school at 13 to work as a miner, he attended night school, became a staunch trade unionist, and gained promotion in his work. Pub. Light and Liberty (Durham, 1914), a prose work giving a ‘rather muddled case for the need for the planned land reform’ which the outbreak of war would stop; this work paved the way for some of his poetic and political themes, with its concerns about topics like rural depopulation, absentee landlords, corruption and city living. Poetry vols. include four short collections locally printed in 1915-16, The Poetical Works of Charles Wilson, The Pitman Poet (London: Arthur H. Stockwell, 1916), and a number of later works. Wilson was interested in Joyce and modernism, and in October 1930 persuaded Aldous Huxley to speak to his local WEA classes. In later life Wilson met with mixed success and failure, but perhaps the most dispiriting detail of Lewis Mates’s fine biographical essay is the information that after his death in a care home at Crook, most of his papers were burned, unread. Ref: inf. Stephen Regan; Lewis H. Mates, ‘Charles Wilson, the Pitman’s Poet’, Dictionary of Labour Biography, Vol. XIII, ed. Keith Gildart and David Howell (Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 372-81. [OP]



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