Artificial Intelligence (AI):
Researchers Cao et al., (2022): Steeb, (2014) looked at adaptive educational systems in e-learning platforms and found that a number of AI techniques (Neural network, Fuzzy logic, Decision tree, Genetic algorithm, and Hidden Markov Models) can mimic the way people think and make decisions. (J. Li et al., 2022). In different methods, including AI, were used to come up with a plan for how to change engineering education to meet the goals of industry 4.0 through cyber- physical systems and the Internet of Things. AI-automated peer review used multiple criteria to judge the quality of a review and gave a score that was a prediction of the review's value to the author.
AI systems have made it into the classroom because smart computers that can think strategically have been linked to intelligence (Limna et al., 2022). This review of the literature shows that AI has been successfully used both in theory and practise in engineering education. There are many ways to use AI in education, especially for online and remote learning (Kim et al., 2022). Sumakul et al., (2022)
We looked at AI's potential in the classroom and came to four conclusions: (1) adaptive learning; (2) personalization and customization; (3) expert systems and intelligent tutoring systems; and (4) AI as an important part of the education system of the future as shown in Fig, 2a&b (Pillai et al., 2022)
Figure 2.4 AI Car Designerr Figure 2.5 AI for the Automotive Industry
Virtual Reality (VR)
Virtual reality can be defined as "an interactive computer simulation that transfers sensory information to a user who perceives it as substituted or augmented"(Brey, 2014)or as "inducing targeted behaviour in an organism by using artificial sensory stimulation, while the organism has little or no awareness of the interference"(Brey, 2014)The use of virtual reality, which is a fairly new technology, can make a big difference in education. Virtual reality (VR) is still fairly new in higher education, but it has been used for training for many years. Virtual reality is used in many fields, from arts and entertainment to medicine, education, technology, and the military. The goal of virtual reality (VR) is to make you feel like you're in the real world by using computer technology (Kesim & Ozarslan, 2012). Virtual reality (VR) gives students the chance to learn about or visit places or subjects they wouldn't be able to otherwise (Jesionkowska et al., 2020).
It also gives teachers and students a place where they can work together more effectively by using the many features. Some examples of features are recording, first-person view, simulation, hands-free access, game-like elements, and immediate feedback. According to Kaplan et al., (2021), virtual reality can be used when a learner's mistakes could have serious, dangerous, time-consuming, or expensive results. Virtual reality (VR) lets people talk to each other, which is an
important part of learning and can help people understand things better. Based on the research in (Mirete et al., 2020), it's clear that methods and technologies made with the right strategies and accepted pedagogical approaches can encourage students to change their attitudes in a way that helps them learn, which makes them more interested in the material and better able to remember it. Virtual reality (VR) can be used to teach about safety without putting students at risk. It can also get students more interested and involved than traditional methods like slides and movies.
Researchers (Liono et al., 2021) found that teaching mechanical and electrical engineering with virtual reality (VR) helped students remember more of what they learned. As a result, (T. Lee et al., 2022) (Hincapie et al., 2021) and (KamiĆska et al., 2019) all saw more interest and better information retention. A study was done by (Hee Lee & Shvetsova, 2019) to show the effects of VR-based teaching vs. traditional teaching on learning robots in two university engineering courses. The study compared the effectiveness of VR-based teaching to that of traditional teaching. Researchers found that using virtual reality (VR) applications in a basic engineering course made students do more research and come up with more creative solutions.
Virtual reality (VR) technology is still in its early stages, even though it has a lot of potential and has worked well in models and labs. This technology isn't used very often because it costs a lot. Another problem is that people get sick when they are in a virtual world with a lot of movement and a lot of sensory input (Choi et al., 2021). More research needs to be done on virtual reality technology to find out how well it works with modern teaching methods like the flipped classroom. In a flipped classroom, students are expected to study on their own using course materials outside of class time so that they can interact with their classmates and teacher during class time. Students can get more out of materials that aren't very interactive by using virtual reality in the classroom (Gallardo-Williams & Dunnagan, 2021). Research into the use of virtual reality (VR) in education could lead to a shift from the traditional model of teaching to one in which the learner is in charge (Hamilton et al., 2021).
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