Silent ‘d’ -grandpa /ˈgrænpɑ/ /ˈgræmpɑ/

-grandma /ˈgrænmɑ/ /ˈgræmɑ/

-grandson /ˈgrænsʌn/

-handsome   /ˈhænsəm/

-Wednesday  /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/ 
Silent ‘g’
-campaign  /kæmˈpeɪn/

-reign         /reɪn/

-sign           /saɪn/
Silent  ‘h’
-exhaust    /ɪgˈzɔst/

-exhibit     /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/

-honest     /ˈɑnɪst/

-honor      /ˈɑnɚ/

-hour        /aʊɚ/

-her /ɚ/  

-him /ɪm/

Silent  ‘k’
-knee         /ni/

-kneel /nil/

-knickers /ˈnɪkɚz/

-knife         /naɪf/

-knight      /naɪt/

-knit          /nɪt/

-knock      /nɑk/  

-know       /noʊ/   

-knowledge  /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/

  Silent  ‘l’

-calm        /kɑm/

-could        /kəd/ /kʊd/     

-half          /hæf/ 

-should      /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/  

-talk          /tɔk/

-walk         /wɔk/

-would       /wəd/ /wʊd/  

-column       /ˈkɑləm/   

-condemn    /kənˈdɛm/

-damn          /dæm/

-solemn        /ˈsɑləm/   
Silent ‘p’

-psychiatrist  /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ /səˈkaɪətrɪst/

-psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/

-psychologist  /saɪˈkɑlədʒɪst/

-psychology   /saɪˈkɑlədʒi/

Silent  ‘t’
-castle        /ˈkæsəl/    

-Christmas          /ˈkrɪsməs/

-listen        /ˈlɪsən/

-mustnˈt      /ˈmʌsənt/

-toward /tɔrd/

-who            /hu/

-who’d            /hud/

-who’re            /huɚ/ /hʊr/

-who’s            /huz/

-who’ve            /huv/

-whoever     /huˈɛvɚ/

-whole         /hoʊl/ 

-whom         /hum/

-whose         /huz/

-wrap          /ræp/

-wreck         /rɛk/

-wrest          /rɛst/

-wrestle     /ˈrɛsəl/

-wrestler    /ˈrɛslɚ/

-wrestling  /ˈrɛslɪŋ/

-wrist         /rɪst/

-write         /raɪt/

-writer         /raɪt̬ɚ/

-writing         /raɪt̬ɪŋ/

-wrong        /rɔŋ/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless) consonant sound /k/, /f/, /p/, /t/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /s/.

-bluffs       /blʌfs/

-cuffs       /kʌfs/

-laughs      /læfs/

-muffs      /mʌfs/

-sniffs         /snɪfs/

VOICELESS /k/

-asks           /æsks/ /æs/

-cooks       /kʊks/

-drinks        /drɪŋks/

-looks     /lʊks/

-makes    /meɪks/

-takes         /teɪks/

-talks         /tɔks/

-walks        /wɔks/

-works        /wɚks/
VOICELESS /p/

-develops /dɪˈvɛləps/

-helps        /hɛlps/

-hopes       /hoʊps/

-sleeps      /slips/

-stops       /stɑps/
VOICELESS /t/

-costs     /kɔsts/ /kɔs/

-eats       /its/

-fights    /faɪts/

-fits        /fɪts/

-gets     /gɛts/

-invites  /ɪnˈvaɪts/

-puts      /pʊts/

-sits     /sɪts/

-visits     /ˈvɪzɪts/

-waits   /weɪts/

-writes  /raɪts/

ful /fəl/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.

-bribes      /braɪbz/

-describes    /dɪˈskraɪbz/

-disturbs   /dɪˈstɚbz/

-grabs      /græbz/

-robs       /rɑbz/
VOICED /d/

-builds       /bɪldz/

-hides       /haɪdz/

-holds      /hoʊldz/

-lends       /lɛndz/ /lɛnz/

-needs   /nidz/

-reads        /ridz/

-sends      /sɛndz/ /sɛnz/

-spends    /spɛndz/ /spɛnz/

 

VOICED /ð/ = /d^h/

-bathe       /beɪðz/

-hugs         /hʌgz/

  VOICED /l/
-boils        /bɔɪlz/

-falls          /fɔlz/

-feels         /filz/

-kills          /kɪlz/

-sails      /seɪlz/

-sells          /sɛlz/

-spells      /spɛlz/

-steals       /stilz/

-tells          /tɛlz/

  VOICED /m/

-climbs     /klaɪmz/

-comes     /kʌmz/

-dreams   /drimz/

-performs  /pɚˈfɔrmz/

-swims      /swɪmz/
VOICED /n/
-begins       /bɪˈgɪnz/

-earns      /ɚnz/

-happens  /ˈhæpənz/

-learns        /lɚnz/

-listens       /ˈlɪsnz/

-means       /minz/

-owns      /oʊnz/

-phones      /foʊnz/

-returns    /rɪˈtɚnz/

-runs           /rʌnz/

-shines       /ʃaɪnz/

-warns       /wɔrnz/

-wins           /wɪnz/

  VOICED /ŋ/

-rings        /rɪŋz/

-sings        /sɪŋz/
VOICED /r/
-clears          /klɪrz/  

-enters        /ˈɛntɚz/

-hears        /hɪrz/

-hires           /haɪɚz/

-offers        /ˈɔfɚz/ /ˈɑfɚz/

-wears       /wɛrz/

-drives     /draɪvz/

-gives      /gɪvz/

-leaves    /livz/

-lives        /lɪvz/

-loves       /lʌvz/

-annoys               /əˈnɔɪz/

-dies                   /daɪz/

-draws              /drɔz/

-enjoys               /ɪnˈdʒɔɪz/

-grows                /groʊz/  

-hurried /ˈhɚiz/ /ˈhʌriz/

-knows               /noʊz/  

-lies                    /laɪz/

-pays                /peɪz/

-plays               /pleɪz/

-rescues            /ˈrɛskyuz/

-says                 /sɛz/

-shows /ʃoʊz/

-snows                /snoʊz/  

-stays                   /steɪz/

-studies              /ˈstʌdiz/

-worries            /ˈwɚiz/ /ˈwʌriz/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing = noisy’ sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /ɪz/.

-misses    /ˈmɪsɪz/            

-passes    /ˈpæsɪz/           

-promises /ˈprɑmɪsɪz/     

-relaxes       /rɪˈlæksɪz/
/z/
-amuses      /əˈmyuzɪz/

-chooses   /ˈtʃuzɪz/        

-closes      /ˈkloʊzɪz/     

-loses       /ˈluzɪz/           

-rises         /ˈraɪzɪz/         

-surprises  /sɚ'praɪzɪz/ /sə'praɪzɪz/

-uses /yuzɪz/
/ʃ/
-finishes   /ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/           

-punishes /ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/        

-washes   /ˈwɑʃɪz/   /ˈwɔʃɪz/            

-wishes    /ˈwɪʃɪz/

-vanishes /ˈvænɪʃɪz/

-garages         /gəˈrɑʒɪz/  /gəˈrɑdʒɪz/ 

-massages      /məˈsɑʒɪz/  /məˈsɑdʒɪz/  

/tʃ/

-catches    /ˈkætʃɪz/          

-reaches            /ˈritʃɪz/

-teaches    /ˈtitʃɪz/
/dʒ/

-changes     /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/     

-judges       /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/      

 

Hissing (noisy) sounds: /sss..., zzz..., ʃʃʃ..., ʒʒʒ.../

‘PRIMARY (MAIN)’ & ‘SECONDARY’ STRESS

SECONDARY STRESS FIRST, PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS SECOND
STRESS on the FIRST SYLLABLE	STRESS on the SECOND SYLLABLE
thirty  /ˈθɜːti/	thirteen   /ˌθɜːˈtiːn/
forty    /ˈfɔːti/	fourteen  /ˌfɔːˈtiːn/
fifty   /ˈfɪfti/	fifteen  /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/
sixty   /ˈsɪksti/	sixteen  /ˌsɪksˈtiːn/
seventy /ˈsevnti/	seventeen /ˌsevnˈtiːn/
eighty  /ˈeɪti/	eighteen  /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
ninety  /ˈnaɪnti/	nineteen /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/

*Primary (main) stress: /ˈ/

*Secondary stress: /ˌ/
PAST SIMPLE –D and –ED ENDINGS

-ED ADJECTIVES

-coughed    /kɔft/

-cuffed        /kʌft/

-laughed    /læft/

-muffed      /mʌft/

-sniffed       /snɪft/

-backed /bækt/

-booked /bʊkt/

-cooked        /kʊkt/

-packed       /pækt/

-shocked     /ʃɑkt/

-talked         /tɔkt/

-walked       /wɔkt/

-worked       /wɚkt/
VOICELESS /p/
-developed  /dɪˈvɛləpt/

-dropped     /drɑpt/

-helped       /hɛlpt/

-hoped         /hoʊpt/

-stopped     /stɑpt/

VOICELESS /s/
-depressed   /dɪˈprɛst/

-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/

-kissed      /kɪst/

-missed       /mɪst/

-passed        /pæst/

-promised   /ˈprɑmɪst/

-punished  /ˈpʌnɪʃt/

-washed    /wɑʃt/ /wɔʃt/

-wished       /wɪʃt/

-watched   /wɑtʃt/ /wɔtʃt/

-described   /dɪˈskraɪbd/

-disturbed  /dɪˈstɚbd/

-robbed      /rɑbd/

-arranged    /əˈreɪndʒd/

-changed      /tʃeɪndʒd/

-engaged /ɪn'geɪdʒd/

-enlarged /ɪn'lɑrdʒd/

-judged       /dʒʌdʒd/

-breathed  /briðd/ /brid/

-loathed     /loʊðd/ /loʊd/
VOICED /g/
-begged /begd/

-hugged     /hʌgd/

-massaged    /məˈsɑʒd/  /məˈsɑdʒd/  

-sabotaged  /ˈsæbəˌtɑʒd/

VOICED /l/
-boiled        /bɔɪld/

-killed        /kɪld/

-sailed         /seɪld/

-travelled   /ˈtrævəld/

-climbed      /klaɪmd/

-dreamed     /drimd/

-performed  /pɚˈfɔrmd/

-frightened  /ˈfraɪtnd/

-happened  /ˈhæpənd/

-learned      /lɚnd/

-listened     /ˈlɪsənd/

-phoned   /foʊnd/

-returned    /rɪˈtɚnd/

-turned       /tɚnd/

-warned      /wɔrnd/

 

VOICED /ŋ/

-covered     /ˈkʌvɚd/

-entered      /ˈɛntɚd/

-offered      /ˈɔfɚd/ /ˈɑfɚd/

-tired          /ˈtaɪɚd/

VOICED /v/

-dived         /daɪvd/

-loved         /lʌvd/

-proved      /pruvd/

-solved        /sɑlvd/

  VOICED /z/

-closed      /ˈkloʊzd/     

-organized   /ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd/

-surprised    /sɚˈpraɪzd/ /səˈpraɪzd/

-used /yuzd/
/VOWELS/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we pronounce –d / ed ending /d/.

-applied            /əˈplaɪd/

-chewed            /tʃud/

-destroyed           /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

-died                   /daɪd/

-employed          /ɪmˈplɔɪd/

-enjoyed             /ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/

-hurried /ˈhɚid/ /ˈhʌrid/

-lied                     /laɪd/

-rescued            /ˈrɛskyud/

-showed              /ʃoʊd/  

-snowed              /snoʊd/ 

-stayed              /steɪd/

-studied /ˈstʌdid/

-tied                    /taɪd/

-worried            /ˈwɚid/ /ˈwʌrid/

          /t/

-excited         /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/     

-painted        /ˈpeɪntɪd/    

-started         /ˈstɑrtɪd/   

-visited         /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/      

-waited         /ˈweɪtɪd/       

-wanted        /ˈwʌntɪd/    /ˈwɑntɪd/   /ˈwɔntɪd/   

                   /d/

-divided        /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/  

-mended       /ˈmɛndɪd/   

-needed        /ˈnidɪd/       

-provided      /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

-banks /bæŋks/

-books       /bʊks/

-desks       /dɛsks/ /dɛs/

-forks         /fɔrks/

-lakes      /leɪks/

-parks        /pɑrks/

-socks        /sɑks/

-talks         /tɔks/

-walks       /wɔks/

-weeks       /wiks/