Goals: Pretests and Tests Classwork/ Study Guides Grading Policy Overhaul Essential Questions

Goal: To understand the achievements of the Maya, Aztecs and Incas and their continuing influence on society

*Mayan civilization reached its height from ________ to ________ C.E. Aztec and Inca civilization built their empires in the ____________ years before the Spanish arrived in the 1500s.

Define the following:

*solar year-

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*stele-

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*In mathematics, the Maya was based on the number ____________. They had place values for 1s, 20s, __________ and so on. The Maya also recognized the need for ______________ in their number system.

*Mayan painters painted murals which showed nobles and priests, battle scenes, ceremonies and a ________________ sacrifice.

*Maya constructed ______________, upright stone slabs which had three dimensional carvings of gods and rulers.

*Mayan weaving was colorful and had ____________ patterns. Women still weave huipiles, or embroidered _____________.

*In architecture, Maya built temple-pyramids from hand-cut _____________ bricks. A ___________ vault is a triangular archway built by angling two sets of stacked stone to meet at the top where a single stone joins the two sides. The archway had nine stone layers to represent the nine layers of the _________________.

Language and Writing

Define the following:

*glyph-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Maya used _________________________ to represent sounds, words, and ideas. The Maya created hundreds of ______________ and could write down anything in the spoken language.

*Mayan groups spoke different ______________. Four million Mesoamericans still speak one of ________ or so Mayan languages.

*The artificial islands, or ______________, were created by filling reed mats with boulders and mud. The islands were tied to wood _____________ which were driven into the lake. Farmers in Xochimilco, near ______________ City, still use artificial islands for gardens.

* The causeways built in Tenochtitlan served as passageways to the mainland and as ___________ during the rainy season.

*The Aztec adopted the Mayan ____________ and _________________ calendars. The _____________ calendar was useful for farming since it tracked the seasons. The ______________ calendar was used by priest to predict events.

*The __________ Stone is an enormous calendar weighing almost 25 tons. Its center shows the ____________ of the sun god.

Arts and Architecture

*The Aztecs practiced poetry, music, __________, painting and sculpture.

*Aztec poets ____________ their poems or recited them to music. Sometimes, actors performed the poems to create a _______________ show with dialogue and costume.

*Music and dance were important parts of Aztec _________________ and _________________. The dancers formed ______________ and danced to drums and rattle bells. The dances have ________________ meaning.

*Painters painted scenes showing ____________ and _____________ ceremonies.

*Sculptors made statues and relief sculptures on ______________ walls. They sculpted small lifelike figures of people and animals from ________________ stones such as jade.

*In architecture, the Aztecs are remembered for their massive stone _____________. A unique feature of their construction was the ______________ _________________ such as those on the Great Temple.

Language and Writing

*The Aztec spoken language, __________, had a rich vocabulary which allowed speakers to create dramatic and flowery speeches and express _____________ concepts.

*Define – pictograph-

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*The Aztec system of writing used both __________ and _______________. Scribes, however, only used writing to list ____________ or to outline _____________.

27.4 Achievements of the Incas

*Incas were able to create a large _________________ with many layers of authority to maintain tight control of their empire. This system unified their empire and spread Inca ______________ throughout their lands.

*Define – suspension bridge-

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*Incas were able to build _____________ across the length and width of their empire. To get through steep mountain ranges, Incas carved ___________ and gouged _________________ out of rock.

*Incas built _______________ bridges over rivers using thick _______ cables anchored by stone towers.

*In agriculture, the Inca built systems of _____________ to farm on mountains. The Inca also built ____________ that brought water to the top of the terrace from which it ran down to each level.

*Define – trephination-

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*In medicine, Inca priests performed surgery called _______________. The priests removed bone fragments that were pressing against the ___________ of the patient.

Arts and Architecture

*One important art was the making of ___________ for clothing. The clothing featured bright colors and bold ________________ patterns. Women wove _______________ from jungle birds directly into the cloth.

*_______________ was known as the “sweat of the sun.” Goldsmiths made masks, sculptures, ________________ and jewelry.

*For music, the Inca played flutes, seashell horns, rattles, drums and ___________. The modern music of the ___________ Mountains preserves elements of Inca music.

*In architecture, Incas are known for their huge, durable ______________ buildings. The stones fit so tightly that not even a _____________ ____________ could fit between the stones.

Language and Writing

*The Inca spoken language ______________ is still used by about 10 million people in South America today.

*The Inca did not have a _______________ language, but instead used _________ as memory aids in sending messages and recording information.

Name______________________

Class Period______________________

Eng – Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 28 – The Renaissance Begins

Goal: To understand the factors contributing to the emergence of the Renaissance

*Renaissance is a French word which means “______________.” From the 1300s to the 1500s C.E., there was renewed interest in ________________ (Greek and Roman) art and learning.

*Humanist believed in the ____________ and ____________ of all individuals. They balanced ______________ belief with the belief in the human ___________.

28.2 What Was the Renaissance?

*The Renaissance began in ____________ and spread to other parts of Europe.

*Roman Catholic monks helped preserve knowledge of ancient times by __________ documents that survived from the classical period.

*Returning crusaders and merchants from the East brought back classical works that were preserved in the _____________ Empire or obtained from ___________ scholars.

Exploring the Rebirth of Classical Ideas Through Art

Classical Art

*The Classical period lasted from about 500 B.C.E. to ____________ C.E. Classical artists from ___________ and ______________ created sculptures, pottery, murals and mosaics. Classical art showed the importance of people, ___________, gods and goddesses.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Medieval period lasted from about 500 C.E. to __________C.E. Medieval artists created _____________ glass windows, sculptures, illuminated manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. The purpose of the art was to teach ____________ to those who could not read.

*The Renaissance lasted from the 1300s to the early ___________ C.E. Renaissance artists created sculptures, murals, drawings and ________________. The goal was to show the importance of _____________ and nature, not just religion.

*The growth of trade and commerce contributed to the Renaissance in two ways: (1) trade brought new _____________ as well as goods into Europe; and (2) it made some people _____________ and those people could sponsor art and learning.

*The _________________ helped strengthen trading relations between Europe and the Byzantine and Muslim cultures. This trade helped to reawaken interest in _____________ culture.

*Trade with the East increased after the Mongol conquests in Asia as travel along the ____________ Road became safer. The tales of ______________ ______________ further sparked interest in Asia.

*The Italian cities of ________________ and ___________________ were centrally located on the trade route and became important trading centers. ______________ and ____________ in Germany provided inns for traveling merchants.

*Instead of a barter economy, during the Renaissance, Europe developed a money economy where people used ______________ to purchase goods. Bankers were needed to exchange ______________, loan money and finance businesses.

*Some people became wealthy and with their wealth were able to _______________ new buildings and art to make their cities look more beautiful.

*Define –patron-

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28.4 The Influence of Italian City-States

*Define the following:

*city-state-

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*republics-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Medieval towns in Italy demanded self-_____________ and developed into independent city-states. A city-state consisted of a powerful city and the surrounding ____________ and _______________________.

*City-states conducted trade, collected taxes and made their own ___________. Some republics were governed by elected ______________ which could include nobles and commoners.

*Guild members (called ______________) or rich merchants often ruled Italian city-states and had long-term control. The fabulously rich _________________ of Florence are an example of this.

*Florence became a center of cloth making and _________________. Milan made metal goods and _____________. Genoa was a trading center for ____________ and gold from North Africa. Venice was the most ______________ city state and had hundreds of ships that controlled the Mediterranean trade routes.

*Rich families paid for the creation of statues, _____________, beautiful buildings, elegant avenues, universities and hospitals.

*One of the first humanists was an Italian poet named Francesco ______________.

*Humanists believed that all people had the ability to control their own lives and achieve _______________. They stressed the studies of the _____________ which included grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and ethics.

*Define – humanities-

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*Humanists did not simply copy the work of the Greeks and Romans, they tried to _________________ on their work.

*Scientists began using ______________________ and experimentation.

*In government, Humanists separated the state and its right to rule from the _______________.

*In medieval Europe if one was born a ___________, one would always have less status than a noble. Humanists, however, prized individual __________________ more than a person’s class or family.

*Humanists believed that people should use their minds to question ______________. This sometimes conflicted with the _____________ which taught that its laws were from God. Giordano Bruno, an Italian humanist, was ___________ at the stake.

Name____________________________

Class Period____________________________

Goal: To understand the cultural and scientific achievements and advances made as a result of the Renaissance

*Florence is located on the _____________River. Florence is called the “_________________ of the ________________.”

*The cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore or the ____________ was the center of the city’s religous life. The Palazzo Vecchio (Old ________________) was the headquarters of the city government.

*Florence was the _______________ center of Europe. People came to the Mercato Nuovo (__________ _______________) to trade their coins for florins, the _________ coins of Florence.

*Florence was home to many great artists and thinkers including: the great __________ Dante Alighieri; the famed painter and sculptor _______________________; the thinker and artist Leonardo ______ __________; and the _______________ Donatello.

*About ____________________ residents lived inside the walls of Florence.

*Florence acquired its wealth in the ________________ and woolen-cloth trade. The wealthy residents were __________ of talented artists and thinkers.

*The artists would ___________ with one another to produce greater work than they had before.

*The work of Florentine artists inspired others to come to Florence to ___________ with master artists or to learn at the city’s schools and libraries.

*Architects and builders were attracted to the classical building features of rounded ___________, straight ___________ and domed roofs.

*Humanists valued good citizenship so architects designed public buildings where citizens could ________________. They used Roman-inspired roofed porches called _______________ to join buildings and create outdoor plazas.

*The Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore was begun in 1296 but not completed until __________C.E. The builders did not know how to build a large enough dome that would not ______________.

*Filippo Brunelleschi solved the problem by using eight huge stone ___________ which met at the top of the dome and leaned against each other. Hoops of iron, wood and brick ________________ around the arches. ___________ raised materials and food to the workers at the top of the dome as they were building it.

*The Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore stands over _________ feet above the city.

*Renaissance painters wanted to show real people who were posed in _____________ ways and who showed feelings.

*Perspective was used to create the appearance of ________________ on a flat surface.

*The _________________ a painted object, the farther away it appears. The ______________ an object, the closer it appears to be.

*A feeling of depth could be created by _______________ that came closer together as they receded into the distance.

*Careful _________________ could make an object appear three-dimensional.

*Masaccio used _______________ to figure out how to divide the space in a painting to make it appear as it would in real life. Leonardo da Vinci studied _________________, which helped him portray the body more realistically.

*Oil paints were made by mixing powdered pigments with ___________ oil. These paints could be painted over previous work and showed details and _________________ in new ways.

*Renaissance sculptors made the first _________________ statues that could be viewed in the round since ancient Greek and Roman times. Renaissance statues showed real people and _______________.

*Both Donatello and Michelangelo carved statues of _________________. Michelangelo’s version was carved in white marble and stood about _______ feet tall.

*The statue expression shows the concentration and ___________ of a real youth on the verge of battle.

*In Medieval times, writers wrote about ______________ topics. They wrote in a formal ________________ style. They wrote in ___________________.

*In the Renaissance, writers wrote about ____________, or non-religious, topics. They wrote in a more _____________ style that expressed thoughts and feelings about life. They wrote in their own _____________ instead of Latin.

*Define- secular-

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*Dante Aligheri wrote ______________________. This poem describes Dante’s imaginary journey through the places where Christians believed their souls went in the _____________________. Dante described his travels through ___________, or hell, _________________, the place between heaven and hell, and _____________, or heaven.

*Dante’s work highlights strong emotions and the experience of _______________.

29.7 Advances in Science and Mathematics

*People began questioning old ideas. Scientists used observation and performed______________ to analyze the theories.

*Leonardo da Vinci studied geometry, engineering, sound, motion, architecture, anatomy (including the _____________ of blood) and the effect of the _________ on Earth’s tides.

*Define – circulation-

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*Girolamo Cardano solved complex equations in ____________ and did pioneering work in _________________, the science of chance.

*Galileo Galilei proved that a heavier object and a lighter object fall at the same ___________________ and therefore two objects dropped from the same height reach the ground at the same __________.

*Machiavelli wrote a book entitled ___________ ______________. He advised rulers to make their states strong by doing what worked best, rather than by being good or ____________. A rulers should even ______________ if it helped him rule.

*To Machiavelli, the end justifies the _____________ and rulers should be ___________ rather than loved.

29.9 Florentine Commerce and Trade

*The economy of Florence was unusually ____________. People often worked in _____________ kinds of businesses.

*The shift to a money economy created a thriving _____________ industry in Florence. Even _____________ and kings borrowed from Florence’s banks.

*In the Mercato _______________ (Old Market), people bought everyday items such as vegetables, fruits, bread, fish, meat, medicine and shoes. The Mercato _________________ (New Market) was the center for the cloth and _________________ industries. Food and ______________ were banned from the New Market.

Name________________________

Class Period________________________