Goals: Pretests and Tests Classwork/ Study Guides Grading Policy Overhaul Essential Questions

Goal: To understand the motivations, accomplishments and impact of European explorers.

*The age of exploration lasted from about _________ to __________C.E. Explorers wanted to find sea routes to east _________________.

*Explorers faced many hardships including running out of _____________ and water.

33.2 Reasons for the Age of Exploration

Motives for Exploration

*Europeans wanted spices, which were used to ____________ food during winter and to cover up the taste of food that was no longer _____________.

*Trade with the east was controlled by the ______________ and the ______________. European monarchs and _____________ wanted to break the hold that these countries had on trade with the east.

*Muslims brought the goods to the east coast of the __________________ Sea. Italian merchants brought the good to ___________. Each time the goods changed hands, the price of the goods _______________.

*Explorers were also motivated by the chance for fame, glory, wealth, adventure and the desire to spread _________________ to native peoples.

Advances in Knowledge and Technology

*Define the following:

*cartography-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*longitude-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*latitude-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*caravel-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*There were advances in __________________, the art and science of mapmaking. By the 1500s, globes showed the earth as a _____________. In 1507, a German cartographer, showed North and South ______________ as separate from Asia. Better maps made navigation _______________.

*Gerardus Mercator created maps using improved lines of ______________ and __________________. These maps were much more accurate.

*___________________ are ships that were small, fast and easy to maneuver. They had shallow bottoms making it easier to travel along ___________________ when the water was not deep. They used lateen (triangular) sail which could be positioned to take advantage of the ___________ no matter which way it blew.

*Sailors used ________________ to find their bearing or direction of travel. The ________________ was used to figure out the distance north or south from the equator.

*European weapons, such as a ship’s cannons, guns, armor and horses, gave Europeans an ____________________ over the people they met.

Portugal Begins the Age of Exploration

Key Explorers

*Prince Henry – the “Navigator” – was not an explorer himself, but encouraged exploration and directed many important _________________.

* Beginning in _____________, Prince Henry sent explorers out to sea almost every year. He established a school of _________________ where sailors and mapmakers could learn their trade.

*In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias was the first European explorer to go around the southern tip of _____________.

*In 1497, Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa, up the east coast of Africa and across the ______________ Ocean. He brought back cinnamon and pepper, but lost __________ his ships.

*In 1500, Pedro Cabral sailed southwest and ended up at the east coast of ____________, which he claimed for Portugal. He continued on around Africa to Calicut, India where established _____________ posts and signed trading _________.

*The Portuguese took control of the ____________ sea routes to Asia. They seized the seaport of _________ in India and attacked the Moluccas, or ___________ Islands, in 1511.

*The price of Asian goods, such as spices and fabrics went ___________ and more people could afford to buy them.

*Define the following:

*colony-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*plantation-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Portuguese established ______________ in Brazil. They forced the natives to work on _______________ plantations and to convert to Christianity. When the natives died from overwork, the Portuguese began bringing _______________ from Africa.

33.4 Spain’s Early Explorations

Key Explorers

*Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sailing for Spain, wanted to find a route to Asia by sailing ______________. Columbus went ashore on an island in the ______________ Sea and claimed it for Spain.

*Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, hoped to find a ____________ through South America and continue onto Asia. Magellan was successful in finding the strait, but his crew ran out of ____________ and was plagued by disease and thirst.

*Magellan himself died in fighting on the _______________. His crew continued the voyage and returned to Spain with a load of ___________. Of the five ships and 250 men which began the voyage, only one ship and ______ sailors returned. They were the first people to _________________ the globe.

Define the following:

*strait-

*circumnavigate-

*Columbus’ voyage revealed the existence of the __________________. Magellan’s voyage proved that it was possible to sail around the _____________.

*Spain began to establish _______________ in the West Indies and earned great wealth from them. They sent Spain precious metals, sugar and new crops such as ____________ ____________ and pineapples.

*Natives were forced to work in _________________ or ________________. Natives were forced to convert to _______________. Many natives died of overwork and _____________.

*The Spanish brought African ____________ to replace the natives.

33.5 Later Spanish Exploration and Conquest

*Conquistadors (conquers) were permitted to establish settlements and seize the ____________ of natives. The Spanish government received _____ _________ of the treasures they found.

*Hernan Cortes conquered the ______________. Cortes took their leader, _________________, hostage.

*Four factors enabled the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs: (1) the Aztec thought that Cortes was their god ____________________ so they let him into their capitol; (2) Cortes was able to make ______________ with Aztec enemies; (3) the Spanish had superior________________, such as horses and armor; and (4) the Spanish brought disease that spread deadly _________________ among Aztecs.

*Define - epidemic-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Francisco Pizzaro conquered the ____________ Empire.

*The Inca emperor, Atahualpa, greeted the Spanish as ____________, but the Spanish kidnapped the emperor. Although a _____________ was paid, the Spanish killed the emperor.

*Wealth from the ______________ made Spain one of the world’s richest and most powerful countries.

*The population of Spain grew because the food supply increased with the introduction of __________ and ____________ from the new world. Luxury goods, such as ________________ and tobacco were introduced to Spain.

*The abundance of gold and silver from the Americas ___________ Spain’s economy. It led to ______________, an increase in the supply of money compared to goods resulting in higher prices.

*The Spanish introduced animals, such as __________, cattle, sheep and ___________, to America.

*The Spanish wiped out the ______________ and ______________ civilizations. Millions of natives died from _______________.

*England, France and the ________________ all sent expeditions to North America.

*In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian sailor sailing for England, landed in __________.

*In 1524, Verrazano de Giovanni, an Italian sailing for France, explored the Atlantic Coast from ____________ _____________ to Canada. Unfortunately, he was killed and ___________ by people in the West Indies on a later trip.

*In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Netherlands, tried to find a _______________ passage, but ended up exploring a river now known as the Hudson River. _______________ settlers came to settle in the Hudson river valley.

*Henry Hudson, sailing under the English flag, tried again and sailed into a large bay in __________________. His crew _______________ and set him, his son, and some loyal crew members adrift never to be heard from again.

The Impact of European Exploration of North America

*Fishing boats visited Canadian waters to catch _____________ and other fish.

*Trading with Native Americans was established for otter skins, whale oil and __________ and _______ fur.

*Define- northwest passage-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*England and Spain went to _________. One factor in causing the war were the English ships (“sea dogs”) attacking Spanish ships and ports for their _________.

*England defeated the Spanish _______________ sent to invade England. England and the Netherlands took more of an active role in trade and ______________ around the world.

33.7 The Impact of Exploration on European Commerce and Economics

*Define the following:

*capitalism-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*market economy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*cottage industry-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*mercantilism-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Capitalism is an economic system based on investing money for __________. People began investing money in trading ________________ so people could share in the profits they earned.

*Money became more important as the price of goods were set by the __________ market. The price of goods went up and down depending on how much ________________ and demand there was.

*Cottage industries, especially in the making of ______________, increased and paved the way for the system of factories later on.

*Mercantilism is a policy to _________ the amount of goods needed from other countries and ___________ the number of goods sold to other countries.