Goals: Pretests and Tests Classwork/ Study Guides Grading Policy Overhaul Essential Questions

Goal: To understand the influence of Islam on West African society

*In the __________ century Islam spread through the Middle East and North Africa. In the ___________ century, Muslim merchants and traders came to West Africa. Over the next several ____________ years, Islam spread among West Africans.

*West Africans ____________ Islamic culture with the own traditions. West Africans, for example, continued to pray to the __________ of their ancestors even after they began praying to God in Arabic.

*Sending armies to conquer West Africa was not practical as the _____________ Desert offered the West Africans great protection.

*Muslim traders and _________________ first brought Islam to West Africa. The king of Ghana allowed the Muslims to build _______________, but did not convert to Islam himself.

*A thriving Muslim community developed in Kumbi complete with twelve ____________ and their own iman.

*The Almoravids waged ___________ and for a time ruled Kumbi and further spread Islam.

Islam in Mali

*The Mande people accepted _____________, but did not follow all of its _____________. In about 1240, the Mande conquered Kumbi and took control of the ____________ routes.

*In 1312, ___________ _____________ became the ruler of Mali. He was the West African ruler to practice __________ ______________.

*On his hajj to Makkah, Musa’s caravan had over 500 slaves each carrying a six-pound ____________ of ______________. Two hundred camels followed carrying _____________ pounds of gold.

*Musa’s hajj impressed the people and rulers of ____________ with his enormous wealth.

Islam in Songhai

*Sunni Ali built a powerful ___________ that was able to break Songhai away from __________ and eventually conquer it.

*In the 1490s, Askia Mohammed Toure, a devout Muslim, became king and set up rigid controls to be sure that Islam was _____________ properly. He led a series of wars to __________ non-Muslims to Islam.

14.3 New Religious Practices

*The West Africans adopted the ways of Islam, including the ___________ Pillars of Faith, fasting, worshipping in Mosques and celebrating religious festivals.

*The West Africans kept old religious practices that did not _____________ the Five Pillars of Faith. West Africans continued to show respect to the spirit of dead _______________. They continued to use __________ or charms to help them protect them from harm.

*Define – amulet-

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*Local ____________ sometimes offended Muslims from other areas. For example the ruler’s daughters went _____________ and people threw _________ on their heads as the king approached.

*West African children who did not memorize the Qur’an were put in _______________ until they learned it.

14.4 New Ideas About Government and Law

*Define the following:

*succession –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*patrilineal –

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*The line of government succession changed from _________________ to __________________, The right to rule was now passed from ___________ to _________.

*The government became highly _____________________. Rulers exercised more control of local rulers and adopted Islamic titles such as ________________ or the amir or __________ (“Commander of the Faithful”).

*West Africans adopted ______________ (Islamic law) to replace customary law. Customary laws were not ____________.

*Customary law required the guilty person (or his/her family) to _______ the injured party with gifts or services.

*Shari’ah is written law. It was administered by judges called ________ in a court.

14.5 A New Emphasis on Education

*The trading city of _______________ became a center of Islamic learning.

*The University of ___________ was made up of several small schools. Each school was run by an _____________ or scholar.

*The basic course of learning included the Qur’an, Islamic studies, __________ and literature. Beyond that, studies in a particular field, such as astronomy, _________________, physics or ________, philosophy, ______________, art or history were offered.

*The highest degree required _____ years of study. Students who received this degree could wear a __________. This symbolized divine light, _____________, knowledge and excellent moral character.

*Trade associations set up their own colleges for people to study the _____________ of trading. Qur’anic schools were set up for children to study the _____________.

*Libraries of hand copied books were built up by _____________ and ____________.

14.6 A New Language

*In West Africa, ______________ became the language of religion, learning, commerce (trade) and government. West Africans continued to use their ___________ languages in everyday speech.

*The Qur’an was written in __________ and all Muslims were expected to memorize it. Scholars used Arabic to record the ___________ and culture of West Africa. Using a ____________ language, Arabic, for trade made communication much easier. The government used Arabic writing to keep important _____________.

14.7 New Architectural Styles

*In West Africa, ______________ were built using mud and wood. Architectural styles of West Africa and Islam were ___________. For example, a minaret was made to look like the symbol of a _____________ ancestor.

*The architect al-Saheli built the famous mosque in Timbuktu, ____________. It was made of limestone and earth mixed with ____________. Beams projecting out of the mosque were used as _____________ for repairs.

*Define – scaffolding-

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*Al-Saheli built _____________houses made of ___________ and with flat roofs. These houses also had clay ______________ _______________ for the rainy seasons. This design replaced the ___________ shaped houses with thatched roofs.

*Define – textiles-

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*West Africans adopted the use of ____________ (artistic writing) and ______________ patterns for their own art and textiles.

*Words from the Qur’an were used to decorate costumes, fans, ____________ and amulets. Geometric patterns decorated textiles for clothing, stools and __________ containers.

*West Africans adopted the Arabic _____________, which has wide, long sleeves and a long skirt.

Name_______________________

Class Period_______________________

Goal: To understand the influence of West African culture on our society

*In West Africa, talented poet-musicians called ____________ are responsible for memorizing stories, sayings and the history of the city or town. This ____________ tradition helped to preserve West Africa’s history and cultural legacy.

*Define – genealogy-

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*Griots tell stories, sing songs and recite poems often while playing a ___________ or _____________ instrument.

*Every ______________ had its own griot. The griot was responsible for ____________ all the important events that occurred there. Griots could recite the births, _________, marriages, battles, ________ and the coronation of kings. Some griots could recite the ____________ of every villager going back centuries.

*Rulers relied on griots as trusted ______________ because they used the griot’s knowledge of ___________ to shed light on current problems.

*The story of __________ __________ the king who founded Mali’s empire is a famous griot story.

*Modern griots are famous stars of West African __________ music.

*Define – folktale –

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*Folktales were used to pass along West African _____________ and to teach young people ____________ and values.

*West African folktales were brought to the Americas by _____________. They passed down the folktales _______________ from one generation to the next.

*A trickster tale tell of a clever animal or human who ______________ other. ____________ _____________ stories, as retold by the author Joel Chandler Harris, are an example of a trickster tale.

*Proverbs are _____________ sayings. They use __________ from everyday life to express ideas or give ____________.

*”Every time an old man dies it is as if a library has burnt down.” This proverb implies that the old man had much ______________ that can no longer be accessed.

Written Traditions

*Written traditions became more important after the arrival of ____________. Arabic writings preserved in _______________ and _______________ schools are a source of history, legends and culture of West Africa.

*Music communicates ideas, ___________ and feelings. It celebrates _____________ events and important ____________ in people’s lives.

In Ghana there are songs celebrating the loss of a child’s first ____________.

Call and Response

*Define – call and response-

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*The leader sings the ___________. The chorus sings the ____________. The leader and the chorus repeat the _____________ over and over again as they perform the song.

*Slaves brought call and response songs to America and used it to ease the burden of _____________ ____________, celebrate __________ occasions, and express _____________ at their situation.

*Gospel, ________, blues, rock and roll and _________ are influenced by call and response songs.

*A __________________ is made of wooden bars laid across a frame. The musician strikes the bar with a ______________, or hammer, to make melodies.

*The _______________ is a small stringed instrument made of a hollowed out piece of wood carved in the shape of a canoe. The strings are made of thin ________________ line.

*The _____________ is a harp like instrument with _______ strings. The body of the kora is made of a ____________ that has been cut in half and covered with cow skin. The ____________ are made of fishing line.

*Drums are played at parties, ___________ meetings, and ceremonies, such as ____________ and ______________.

*Drumming, singing and dancing take place together in a ____________ formation.

*West African drum music evolved into new styles, particularly in _____________.

Dance

*West Africans dance during rituals and during _______________ to mark the important events in people’s lives.

*Dance _____________ often reflect the conditions people live in. For example, dancers in a forest region may move as if they’re finding their way through a forest

*Dancers may wear _______________ to represent the spirits of traditional West African religion.

*Some art, such as fabrics and baskets, satisfied ___________ needs. Other art, such as masks and sculptures, were used in ______________ and _______________.

*West Africans used religious sculptures to call upon the _________ to help them in everyday life. Sculptures were also used to honor ____________, spirits or _____________.

*Define – terra-cotta-

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*The Yoruba people of Ife, Nigeria, made sculptures of terra-cotta, bronze, copper and, later on, _______________.

*The Benin artists made statues to honor the ______________ court and elaborate plaques to show the ____________ power and authority.

Masks

*Masks were worn during ____________________, in performances and in sacred rites. They were used to bring the spirit of gods and ancestors into the ____________.

*______________ _______________, a world famous Spanish painter of the 20^th century was inspired by the masks.

Textiles

*Three well known types of West African fabric are ____________ fabrics, ____________ fabrics and ___________ cloth.

*Stamped fabric is made by drawing a grid of ___________ on a piece of cloth using a thick dye. A ____________ is used to fill in the squares with patterns. The stamps represent proverbs, ______________ ________________, objects, plants or animals.

*Story fabrics show events such as a king hunting _____________. In applique, smaller pieces of fabric are attached to a larger, _________________ piece to make designs or pictures.

*Define -applique –

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*Kente cloth is made by sewing together narrow strips of ____________ or simple ____________. The colors and designs have _____________ meaning that reflect the makers’ history, values, beliefs. One may see the influence of kente cloth in the ____________ made by slaves in America.

*Practical objects, such as ceramic storage containers, utensils, __________ and baskets, are turned into things of beauty.

*Baskets are made by the _________ method. Fibers are wound into _________ and then strips of fiber bind the ___________ together. This art form is still practiced in the American ____________.

Name____________________

Class Period____________________

Eng – Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 16 – The Political Development of Imperial China

Goal: To understand and assess the effectiveness of the systems of government (aristocracy, meritocracy and rule by foreigners) during China’s dynastic period.

*Historians divide Chinese history into periods ruled by ____________ or ruling families.

*China was first ______________ under an emperor in the third century B.C.E. From that time on, emperors have needed ____________ to rule such a large country.

*Some emperors relied on the wealthy landowners or _____________ to help run China. Other emperors preferred to employ officials of proven merit or a _____________. Mongol emperors used government by ________________ and selected foreigners to serve as government officials.

*Prince Zheng, the head of the state of __________, became the first Chinese ruler to claim the title of emperor.

*A dynasty was established by rulers naming the next ruler from the same _________________.

*Chinese rulers based their right to rule on the “______________ _____ _____________.” It was believed that _______________ chose the dynasty to rule, and supported the dynasty as long as it ruled well. Natural disasters, such as famines, plagues, earthquakes and floods, were signs that Heaven was _______________. People could _________________ the emperor if he lost the Mandate of Heaven.

Dynasty	Time Period	Known For
Qin dynasty	221-________B.C.E.	Unification of China under an emperor
___________ dynasty	206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.	A golden age for a united China
Six dynasties	220 – 581 C.E.	A period of ________ and __________.
__________ dynasty	589 – 618 C.E.	Reunification of China
Tang dynasty	______ - _______ C.E.	Economic development and growth; many ___________ and ____________.
Five dynasties in the north Ten kingdoms in the south	907-960 C.E. 907-970 C.E.	A period of _________ and division.
__________ dynasty	960 – 1279 C.E.	Economic development and growth; many inventions and discoveries
Yuan dynasty (the Mongols)	1279-1368 C.E.	Control of China by ______________.
Ming dynasty	1368-1644 C.E.	Opening of China to foreign influence at the _________ of the dynasty, __________ of China by the end of the dynasty

China’s Breakup and Reunification

*Define the following:

*bureaucracy –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*warlord –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Han dynasty fell because ______________ relatives and servants of the emperor had seized control of the government. High ____________ were imposed which ruined families and forced small farmers to lose their farms. ____________ attacked the countryside and _____________ fought each other and began to oppose the emperor. China broke up into ____________ kingdoms.

*In 589, the __________ dynasty reunified China. A general named Li Yuan declared himself ____________ and established the Tang dynasty.

*Define – civil service examination –

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*During the Han dynasty, emperors created the __________ ________________ examination. Candidates had to _________ the test to hold government office. The test had questions on Chinese ___________, poetry and legal and _________________ issues. It was mainly based on the work of _______________, China’s great philosopher and teacher.

*During the early part of the Tang dynasty, emperors chose ______________ for most high level jobs. An aristocrat might be hired because he ____________ into the imperial family, his __________________ or grandfather held high office, or because of personal recommendations.

*The civil service examination was open to all except merchants, __________, and beggars. The test favored aristocrats because they were the only group that could __________ tutors, books and time to study.

*Meritocracy means rule by officials chosen for their _________________.

*The exams were based on neo – Confucianism which blended the teachings of Confucius with elements of _____________ and ______________ (two traditional Chinese religions). The ____________ _____________ by Zhu Xi became the basis of study for all civil service exams.

*Confucius taught that people must act properly in ____________ important relationships:

(1) __________ and subject;

(2) father and ____________;

(3) older sibling and __________ sibling;

(4) ____________ and wife; and

(5) friend and ______________

Except for _____________ and _________________, one person is above the other in the relationship. Those ___________ should be kind to those below. Those ______________ should respect and obey those above.

*Song emperors believed those who studied Confucius would be _________, moral, and able to maintain order.

*Under the song, the ___________ classes gained the ability to become scholar-officials. People could attend state-______________ local schools and go on to _____________ to become scholars. If they passed a __________ test, they could go to the capital to take the ____________ exam.

*To prevent cheating, candidates were _____________ in a small room for several days. A second person recopied the test so that the ______________ would not recognize a candidate’s handwriting.

*If a candidate passed the test, he had to wait a few ____________ before their first appointment. The job was often very ___________ from his hometown so the candidate could not play ___________ with family and friends.

*Government officials were ______________ from military service and taxes.

16.5 Government by Foreigners: The Period of Mongol Rule

*In the 13^th century, the _____________ conquered China. Their leader, ___________ __________ took the title of emperor of China.

*Chinese society was divided into ____________ classes. At the top were the _____________, next came _____________ (such as Tibetans, Persians, Turks and Central Asians), the third class was ________________ Chinese and the _______________ Chinese were the fourth and lowest class.

*The Mongols ended the civil service exams and appointed other ___________ to serve as government officials. Trusted _____________ were also appointed to government positions. Chinese scholars served as ___________ and minor officials.

*The Chinese rebelled against the Mongols and reestablished their own government under the ____________ dynasty.

16.6 The Revival of the Civil Service System

*The Ming reintroduced the ___________ ____________ exams to fill government positions.

*The emphasis on moral behavior, justice, kindness, ______________ to the emperor, proper conduct and the importance of _______________, helped to unify Chinese culture.

*The exam system gave __________ men, who were ambitious and hard working, a chance to be government officials.

*The exams, however, did not test understanding of science, _________________, or engineering. Confucian scholars had little respect for merchants, ___________ and trade so these areas were neglected by rulers.

Name__________________________

Class Period__________________________