Goals: Pretests and Tests Classwork/ Study Guides Grading Policy Overhaul Essential Questions

Goal: To understand the factors leading to the growth of medieval towns and the interactions and activities present there.

1. 
   Introduction
   

*Streets were very ___________. Second stories projected out over the first story, so very little ___________ filtered over the street. People threw their __________ out into the street. Horses, geese, chickens, dogs and cats roamed the streets as well. Towns were filled with unpleasant ______________.

*In the Early Middle Ages most people lived in _____________ communities in the countryside.

*By the High Middle Ages towns began growing again because of improvements in ___________________ and the revival of ________________.

*The clearing of forests and the adoption of better farming techniques enabled farmers to grow _____________ crops which they could ________ in town markets.

*Trade goods were often transported by boat, so it is not surprising that many Towns within Europe were located near __________. Many merchants who sold their wares in town became __________ residents.

*Flanders was known for its fine _________ __________. Venice was known for making __________.

*Define the following

*Domain- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Charter- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*In northern France and Italy, towns gained independence from their feudal lord through ____________. A more peaceful way for a town to gain independence was to purchase a _____________. This granted town residents the right to govern themselves, make _____ and raise______.

*Define the following:

*Guild- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Apprentice- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Journeyman- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The two main kinds of guilds are ______________ guilds and ________ guilds.

* Guilds members maintained ______ standards for its members and _________ members who cheated the public. Otherwise guild members would look ______.

*Guild dues paid for the ____________ of guildhalls and for guild ______ and __________. The money also took care of sick guild __________ and their ___________.

*Guild members started out at the age of 12 as __________. A master agreed to house, feed and ______ the apprentice. The apprentice worked for the master and learned the trade. At the end of seven years the apprentice had to make a _______ _______ .

*A _______________ was a craftsperson who found work “by the day” instead of setting up their own shop.

*Define commerce-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

* ___________ and _________ goods were bought and sold at town markets. A __________ fair attracted merchants from many _________ and bought and sold items from all over Europe and the East.

*Merchants grew increasingly ______________ and wealthy.

*There was often prejudice against __________ in medieval towns. They found it hard to find work farming and the lord could ___________ their property.

* Jews could, however, become ___________ and moneylenders. Christians were forbidden from doing those jobs because the church taught that charging money for loans was __________.

4.5 Homes and Households

*In poorer neighborhoods, _________ ________ might share a house. A family might have only ________ room where they cooked, ate and slept. In general, people ________ where they lived.

*A wealthy family had magnificent homes. The first floor was devoted to the family’s___________ (including offices and storerooms). The second floor contained the family’s ________ __________ which included a _________ where the family gathered to eat and talk. The upper level might house ________ and __________.

*About _____________ of all medieval children died before they became adults.

*Most boys grew up to do the work their __________ did. Girls’ education was at _______ . Most girls married young, some as early as ________ years old.

4.6 Diseases and Medical Treatment

*Unhealthy __________ _____________ led to the spread of many diseases. People lived in _______ spaces. They tossed their garbage and emptied their waste into nearby streams or _________ and streets. People _________ only once a week – if that.

*Define the following:

*leprosy- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*bubonic plague- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Diseases that had no cure during the middle ages such as measles, cholera and _________ __________ were common.

*Medieval doctors used ________ as medicine – as the ancient Greeks and Romans had done. Another technique they used was to __________ patients by opening a vein or applying ___________ to the skin to such out the blood.

4.7 Crime and Punishment

*Prisoners of medieval jails had to rely on ____________ to bring them food otherwise they might starve.

*In trial by __________, the accused had to pass a dangerous test. If the accused was thrown in a well and he/she floated, the accused was declared ________ because he/she was ____________ by the water.

*In trial by __________, the accused had to fight to prove his/her innocence. People believed that __________ would ensure that the right person won. _______, ________ and ________, and _________ __________ could name a champion to fight for them.

*A person might be put in the ________ if convicted of a lesser crime. For serious crimes such as highway robbery, ___________ livestock, treason or murder, the person could be hanged or _____________ at the stake.

*Define common law- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Eventually, court ____________ based on written and oral evidence replaced trial by ordeal and combat.

4.8 Leisure and Entertainment

Define the following:

*minstrel- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*mystery play- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*miracle play- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Children played with dolls and toys such as wooden ________ and hobbyhorses. Adults played games such as ___________ checkers and backgammon.

*Animal ___________ was a cruel activity where a bear or bull was tied up and then tormented by specially trained dogs.

*__________ plays acted out stories from the bible. ________ plays dramatized the life of a saint.

Name__________________

Class Period__________________

Goal: To understand what and how certain factors led to the decline of feudalism in Western Europe.

*Three factors that contributed to the decline in feudalism are __________ changes in England, a terrible ___________ and a long series of _________.

*The ______ _______ or “great charter” is a document which limits the king’s power and strengthens the rights of nobles.

*The ____________ _____________ or Black Death killed millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages.

*France and England fought a series of war known as the __________ _________ _________.

5.2 Political Developments in England

Henry II’s Legal Reforms

*King Henry II’s legal reforms strengthened royal authority over both nobles and the _________.

*The constitution of ___________ was a document which spelled out the King’s traditional rights – including the right to try _________ in Royal Courts. This led to conflict with ____________ ___________, the Archbishop of Canterbury.

King John and the Magna Carta

*King John heavily _______ his barons and ignored their ___________ rights, arresting his opponents at will. King John also quarreled with the ________ and seized large amounts of its property.

*Angry barons forced a meeting with King John in a meadow called ___________. The barons forced John to put his seal to the _________ ________, which limited King John’s rights and forced him to observe the traditional rights of barons and the church.

*Define habeas corpus-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*People of England later regarded the Magna Carta as one of the foundations of their rights and _____________.

King Edward I and the Model Parliament

*Define commoner-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Model Parliament was a governing body which included ___________, clergy, low ranking church officials and nobles. This was a major step to including ____________ people in government.

*Political developments weakened feudalism in two ways: (1) by strengthening __________ authority at the expense of the nobles; and (2) by shifting power to the _________ people.

*Historians think the plague began in ____________ _________. It traveled along the _______ Road and spread throughout Europe.

*Symptoms of the plague included a fever, vomiting, fierce coughing, _________ fits and ______-_______ swellings or bumps.

*The bacteria which caused the plague were carried by ______ which fed on the blood of infected rats. The filthy conditions of medieval cities and towns were ideal living conditions for the rats.

*People blamed, among other things, the ______ for causing the plague. England, France and German cities ordered them to leave.

*Since so many workers died from the plague, those still living could demand more _________ and more _________. Many serfs left their manors in seach of better ________________.

*Peasant revolts occurred where __________ tried to return things to the way they were.

5.4 The Hundred Years’ War

*Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought for control of ________ in France.

*Define the following:

*crossbow-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*longbow-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*truce-

*At the battle of Crecy, the French knights wore heavy ________ and were armed with ____________. The English archers were armed with _________________. The English archers could shoot farther and with greater ____________ against the French knights. The English won the battle.

*France changed tactics and began to win back territory. The French began recruiting ___________ to fight in their army and paid them with taxes collected by the king. A new sense of ____________ identity (in part inspired by ______ of ______, a seventeen year old peasant girl who led French troops into battle) encouraged people to fight for France and its king – not a lord.

The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War

*The war contributed to the decline of feudalism in three ways:

*(1) monarchs no longer had to rely on ___________ to supply troops. Instead, kings could recruit ______________ to serve as soldiers;

*(2) developments in military ____________, such as the longbow and gunpowder, made knights and castles less effective; and

*(3) the new feeling of ______________ shifted power away from lords to the country itself.

Name_____________________

Class Period_____________________

Eng – Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 6 – The Byzantine Empire

Goal: To understand how the Byzantine Empire continued after the fall of Rome.

*The Byzantine Empire straddled two continents ____________ and ________.

*The capital of the empire was known as _______________ after the Emperor Constantine who moved the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome.

*Even after Rome fell, the Byzantine Empire continued for another _______ years.

*East and west remained connected through a shared ______________ faith. Eventually, however, differences led to the Byzantine Empire developing its own church – the _________ _____________ Church.

6.2 Constantinople

*The location of Constantinople was chosen because it was easy to ___________, It was surrounded by water on three sides. A _________ hung across the harbor against unwanted ships. Miles of ____________ fortified by watchtowers protected against invaders.

*Constantinople stood at the ______________ of Europe and Asia. It was in the middle of many overland and sea trading ___________. Luxury trade goods such as ivory, _______, furs and perfumes were present in its markets. Some of Constantinople’s citizens became __________.

*Constantinople’s language and culture were _________. The Roman influences could be seen everywhere. The emperor gave ___________ to those who could not find work. Fans could watch chariot races at a stadium called the ___________.

*Justinian I ruled from _____ C.E. to _____ C.E. Early in his reign, however, chariot race fans rioted and nearly destroyed the entire city. His wife ____________ urged him to stay and fight. Over ___________ people were killed in the fighting.

*Define - public works-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Justinian rebuilt Constantinople on an even greater scale. He built new bridges, ________ ________, parks, roads and ____________. Grand churches such as the _________ _________ (“Holy Wisdom”) were built.

*Justinian created a ____________ body of law. The Justinian Code revised outdated and confusing laws from the old ___________ laws.

*The word ______________ means “in agreement with right belief”.

*The Byzantine emperor was viewed as the living _______________ of God and Jesus Christ. Church and state were ____________ into one all-powerful body.

*As in the west, the Church played a ________ role in people’s lives. People attended church ____________.

Church Hierarchy

*Define - patriarch-____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The ____________ had supreme authority in Byzantine times. The patriarch of ________________ was viewed as “first among equals” of other patriarchs. Orthodox ________ served under patriarchs and, unlike Roman Catholic priests, were allowed to marry.

Liturgy and Prayer

*Define – liturgy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The clergy and worshippers sang or ______ the Divine Liturgy. The liturgy was conducted in ___________ or the local language of the people. Orthodox Christians prayed to saints such as Saint ____________ who promoted charity and reformed the liturgy.

*The square base and high ___________ of the Hagia Sophia served as a model for Orthodox churches. The base represents the _____________ world. The dome represents _________________.

*Define – icon –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Byzantine artists created beautiful icons (painted on small _________ panels), mosaics and murals which were used in Church services.

6.5 Conflict Between East and West

*Differences between the East and the West

* People began destroying icons (also known as ____________ (“icon smashing”) after the Byzantine emperor banned their use in churches and homes. The pope in the west disagreed with this policy and even had the Byzantine Emperor _____________.

*Pope Leo crowned ______________, the king of the Franks, Holy Roman Emperor. This angered the Byzantines who felt they were the rightful continuation of the rulers of the ____________ Empire.

*Patriarch Cerularius closed all churches under Byzantine control using western ________ in 1054. In retaliation, Pope Leo IX sent the Patriarch a _________ (or proclamation) of excommunication.

*Define – schism-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name______________________

Class Period______________________

Goal: To understand how people adapted the geography of the Arabian Peninsula.

*The Arabian Peninsula is located in southwest Asia between the _____ Sea and the ___________ Gulf. It is part of the modern _________ ___________.

*Arabs call their homeland ___-__________ (“the island”). To the north of the Arabian Peninsula which connects __________, ____________ and Europe.

*The four environments on the peninsula are ____________, ___________, _________ ________ and _________ ______________.

*A great deal of ___________ passed through the region. Traders carried _____ from China and _________, _________ and __________ from India. Romans sent _________ and _________ east to China. The people of Arabia served as ________________ in the trade between the west and the east.

*Define –caravan-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

* Arabia was exposed to new _________ and __________ as a result of their role in trade. Arabs spread their ideas to traders as well, especially the religion _____________.

7.3 The Desert

*Three quarters of the Arabian Peninsula are desert which is mostly covered in __________, although there are also plains and plateaus.

*Define the following:

*plateau-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*nomad-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Summertime temperatures can rise above _____ degrees Fahrenheit. Winter and nighttime temperatures can fall below __________.

*Very little rain falls. On average there is only _____ to ______ inches of rain per year.

*Windstorms are common and can cause blinding ___________.

*Bedouins were nomads who migrated through the desert raising __________, _________, and ____________. These animals provided ________ and ________ to drink and eat. ________ and _______ were used for clothing.

*Camels are ideal for this environment because they could survive days without _________, ________ almost anything and carry _______ _______ long distances.

*Bedouins wore ___________ ____________ long gowns and cotton headdresses to protect against the dust, heat and flies.

*Oases are areas where fresh __________ is available within the desert. Plant life and ________ are available there.

*The water from oases comes from ___________ the __________. The water __________ to the surface and makes the land fertile. Oases vary in size from a few acres to a very large area.

*Define the following:

*sedentary-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*barter-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Some nomads became ______________ at oases. They planted crops such as _________ , ________ and ____________ to make bread.

*The date palm tree provided a variety of resources. The palm ___________ could be used for shade. The ________ could be eaten. The _______ could be used to build houses. Even ___________-_______ tree trunks were used for irrigation pipes.

*Oases towns served as ________ centers where residents bartered their crops for _______, _______ and ________ hair.

7.5 The Coastal Plain

*The coastal plains separate the inland _____________ from the seas.

*Define irrigation-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*People conserved rainwater in ___________ and ____________. They built deep wells, _______ and systems to ______________ the land so they could farm. The great _________ _______ in Yemen supplied water for crops which fed over 300,000 people.

*People also collected ___________ tree ______ to make __________ and ___________ which Europeans used as incense, perfumes and medicine.

*Trading occurred on the Coastal Plains because of its immediate access to the seas where _______ could pull into port.

*Mountain ranges run along the ___________ and __________ edges of the peninsula.

*The mountains rise from _________ to ___________ feet high. It ______ as much as 20 inches per year on the mountains. Temperatures are ________.

*Define – terrace-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Houses were constructed of ______ bricks.

*Step like _______ were built to expand the amount of usable farmland. Farmers also constructed __________ and __________ systems. Hollowed out trees, leather bags and underground storage containers were used to store __________.

Name________________

Class Period________________