Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Gemini Landsats Neg
Imperialism – Link – General
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- Imperialism – Link – Resource Mapping
Imperialism – Link – GeneralLandsats are another instance of US imperialism Lindgren 88 (David T., Prof @Dartmouth and remote sensing consultant, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April, “Commercial Satellites Open Skies”, accessed 7-3-11, ebsco, CH) But the idea of open skies, even for earth resources management, did not evolve smoothly. Objections to Landsat were brought before the United Nations legal subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Several nations, including Argentina and Brazil, felt that sovereignty over natural resources extended to the dissemination of information about them. Accordingly, they proposed that information on natural resources should not be made public without prior consent of the country in which the resources were located. Third World nations, in particular, feared that the more industrially developed nations could negotiate leases for mineral exploration at an advantage since the latter had greater technical expertise to analyze the data. The United States held out, however, on the grounds that there were no legal restrictions on the right to remotely acquire earth data as long as it was for peaceful purposes. Furthermore, the United States argued, open dissemination of the data was more likely to enhance than diminish the ability of a state to control development of its resources. As nations began using Landsat data and constructing their own receiving stations, the controversy temporarily subsided. Imperialism – Link – Resource MappingLandsats lead to resource mapping Lauer et al 97 (Donald, researcher for USGS, Stanley A. Morain, and Vincent V. Salomonso, American Society for Photogrammetry, July, http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/97journal/july/1997_jul_831-838.pdf, accessed 7-6-11, CH) Civilian land remote sensing satellite systems are currently being operated by the United States, France, India, Japan, Canada, Russia, and the European Space Agency. On command, all of them make measurements of the land surface, transmitting data to a global network of strategically located ground receiving stations. Data from these Earth-observing satellites are used to map, monitor, and manage Earth's natural and cultural resources. Geographic knowledge is a tool of imperialism Hudson 72 (Brian, contributor, Antipode, 12/9, http://www.praxis-epress.org/CGR/13-Hudson.pdf, accessed 7-6-11, CH) The resources of a world now undergoing complete partition were regarded in Europe as “the gifts the gods provide as the white man‟s opportunity for acquiring wealth and power” (Holdich, 1916, 243). Naturally, the colonial powers were anxious to discover the economic potential of the territories which they had acquired or whose annexation they were considering. Here again geographical knowledge was recognized as an invaluable tool of imperialism. Clements Markham observed in 1893, “The time for desultory exploring expeditions is past” (Markham, 1893, 487). A sound scientific approach involving appropriately trained workers in the field has now required. Geographers could not only provide useful information about a country‟s resources but were also able to advise how these might best be exploited. Richthofen, for example, was sent by his government on trade and resource mapping missions in Asia and America. He became an influential adviser to the Prussian Government and a member of the Kolonialrat [Colonial Advisory]. As a result of his work in China he appreciated the importance of the Shantung Peninsula with its coalfield and favourable trading position, and he was largely responsible for Germany‟s acquisition of Kiaochow (Crone, 1970, 33). The “Geographical Factor in Imperial Problems” was stressed by Herbertson in his presidential address to Section E of the 1910 British Association meeting in Sheffield (Herbertson, 1910, 447-8). Here he advocated the use of university trained geographers in mapping the economic value of different parts of the world and went further to suggest that geographical laws should be applied to forecast future economic development. Herbertson foresaw the establishment of Geographical Statistical Departments in various countries to undertake research of this kind. This he claimed was greatly needed in Britain and its Empire for which an Imperial Intelligence Department could be developed. The universities were expected to provide the trained men for this research, and the necessity for geographical education at university level was thus further emphasized (Herbertson, 1910, 478). Mapping justifies the geographic violence that strips the colonized of their rights Taylor 5 (Julie J, PhD Candidate for a Degree of Philosophy in Development Studies, St. Antony’s College, April, http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/julie_taylor_thesis.pdf, accessed 7-6-11, CH) As Crush emphasizes, imperialism itself was an act of geographical violence through which space was explored, reconstructed, re-named and controlled (Crush 1994: 337). Amongst others, maps have been the weapons of this violence, as land was cut through with geographic lines, often blind to the presence of its indigenous inhabitants, in order to create space as an exploitable resource (McHaffie 1995). Maps were produced to create property registers, garner knowledge about ‘national resources’, modernize and develop ‘the hinterlands’, and present the nation as a graphically real proposition for colonizing and investing (Craib 2000: 28), such that “When overlaid with an abstract grid, land became a socially and historically flat surface for possession and control, a surface that was static and ahistorical” (ibid 2000: 20). Although these interpretations of maps as colonizing tools are sometimes over-simplified, they point to the fundamental relationship between maps and power. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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