Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
AC – Cooperation Advantage Draft
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1AC – Cooperation Advantage DraftContention ___ - Cooperation China wants cooperation now – US policy is the only thing stopping productive relations Martina, Reuters correspondent on Chinese international affairs, 11 (Michael, Reuters, “China astronaut calls for U.S. cooperation”, 4/29/11, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/29/us-china-space-idUSTRE73S4BS20110429, accessed 7/1/11, CW) (Reuters) - China's most renowned astronaut said on Friday his country and the United States should make good on their presidents' promises to cooperate in space. "I think the two countries should proactively implement the intent expressed in the joint communique to eliminate obstacles and promote exchange and cooperation in our space programs," Yang Liwei, now the vice director of the country's Manned Space Engineering Office, said. Efforts at U.S.-China cooperation in space have failed in the past decade, stymied by economic, diplomatic and security tensions, despite a 2009 attempt by President Barack Obama and his Chinese counterpart, Hu Jintao, to launch collaboration3. Obama and Hu, in a statement in November 2009, called for "the initiation of a joint dialogue on human spaceflight and space exploration, based on the principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit." U.S. fears over national defense and inadvertent technology transfer have proven to be major roadblocks, particularly after Beijing carried out an anti-satellite test in January 2007, using a ground-based missile to destroy one of its inactive weather satellites. Yang, considered a hero of China's ambitious space program and the first from his country to enter space, made the statement during a carefully controlled media visit to China's astronaut training facility in the western suburbs of Beijing. There, journalists were ushered through an echoing hall housing three new space flight training simulators, none in use by China's 24 astronauts. But China is pushing forward without the United States, its funding in the face of NASA scale-backs and its cooperative efforts with Russia and other countries possibly constituting the next best hope for the future of space exploration. The US policy of exclusion is forcing China into a cold war style arms race that uniquely kills relations Jinnette, Lieutenant Colonel, 9 (James G., Strategy Research Project, “US China Policy: Time for Robust Engagement”, p. 18-19, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA497538) PG Space is another critical shared arena of potential interest-based engagement which must be addressed immediately because of its perceived strategic importance to both China and the US. As America sees its preeminence in space erode with ever-increasing Chinese efforts to dominate space in its own way, China recognizes that space offers it an asymmetric advantage which may help it counter the US during any eventual conflict. Because China depends on access to resources from sea lanes, its primary geopolitical dilemma is maritime power. Quite simply, China views the US Navy as its primary threat. But China well knows how much America’s Navy utilizes space assets to perform its mission, and sees unique opportunities in space to counter the threat to its economic stability.46 As George Friedman observes, “from the Chinese point of view, the denial of space to the United States would undermine American denial of the seas to China.”47 For this reason, China has accelerated its efforts in space; it has destroyed a satellite, conducted a manned spacewalk, and has plans to send an unmanned rover to the surface of the Moon with manned mission to follow years later. 48 Reacting to these developments, experts within the Obama team have considered removing some barriers which exist between NASA and the US Military’s space program to find economies and accelerate NASA’s manned space flight timetable.49 On both sides of the Pacific, space is viewed as a key strategic arena, and both China and the US are taking aggressive steps to gain and or maintain dominance of space to protect their individual national interests. Faced with these developments, avoidance of a cold-war style standoff in space may become impossible unless US policy makers immediately undertake assertive efforts to find an interest-based approach towards cooperative engagement with China in the space arena. If the United States misses the opportunity to cooperate with China in a growing international space competition, it could suffer an erosion of its leadership over the long term.50 No cooperation over space ensures that any attempt for relations will fail – that threatens overall security and Asian stability Hitchens and Chen 8 (Theresa, Center for Defense Information, World Security Institute and David, CENTRA Technology, Inc, “Forging a Sino-US ‘‘grand bargain’’ in space” Space Policy 24 (2008) pg. 128–131, Available Online at Sciencedirect.com, Accessed June 28, 2011, EJONES) In Washington’s space security community the debate has coalesced around the question of whether the future of Sino-US relations in space should more closely resemble arms control or an arms race—illustrated by the intercepts and destruction of satellites by both nations a year apart. Whatever direction Washington and Beijing take in their nascent military space competition is certain to be followed by other major and emerging space powers. Unfortunately, the existing trend in both nations is for promoting an offensive space strategy aimed primarily at one another. With a new US administration, whichever candidate enters office will face the challenge of finding viable alternatives to the anti-satellite arms race that lies at the end of the present course, an outcome that would be in neither party’s interest. The incoming president might avoid such a security dilemma with China by utilizing the full range of US soft power, backed by realistic hard power consequences. This will require the incoming administration to expand its understanding of what constitutes a space issue, and to develop a deeper knowledge of what motivates China’s leadership. Using both persuasion and dissuasion to craft a kind of ‘‘grand bargain’’ with China regarding space, the next president may be able to steer Sino-US competition toward trade, economics and sport, rather than military oneupmanship. Accomplishing this would strengthen US national security and international stability in the Pacific region. Strong relations is beneficial for both countries – solves transparency, trade deficit, regional stability, and hegemony Zhou, Center for Space and applied Sciences, 8 (Yi – Chinese Academy of the Sciences and Professor at George Washington University, Perspectives on Sino-US cooperation in civil space programs, Science Direct, Space Policy 24 (2008) 132-139) AC On the other hand, some commentators in the USA worry that cooperation with China will somehow compromise US economic and political progress and even US national security [7]. However, there are several potential benefits for the USA which should be given greater consideration: _ Benefits for geopolitical issues and global stability. A country’s strategic interests may provide the primary motivation for engaging partner nations in cooperative space ventures. The International Space Station (ISS) is a good example of this. China and the USA are both important countries and a stable relationship between them is a key factor in global stability. Space could be a focal point for promoting this kind of stability. Several European countries and Russia have undertaken cooperative activities in space with China to satisfy their ARTICLE IN PRESS geopolitical demands and other interests. Chinese participation in US-led space exploration would send a strong signal to the world of good US–China relations [8], which would be good for US international relations and would provide geopolitical benefits. _ The United States will be able to understand more about China’s space development and direction through actual cooperation. At the moment the USA observes China’s space policy and capabilities through statements in China’s white papers. But studying one paper every five years is too limited and does not provide sufficient detail. Some American consulting and research institutions may simply rely on graduate students’ superficial papers to try to gain insight into the direction of China’s space development. These are not full-scale or always entirely accurate, and may sometimes result in misunderstandings. If NASA signed an agreement with CNSA and began joint space projects, they would more easily and directly understand China’s space activities and directions. They may even be able to make some good suggestions for China’s space projects and policies. These win–win suggestions should be readily adopted by China’s policy makers to extend the two countries’ space and national benefits. _ Extending US opportunities for scientific discovery. Scientists in the USA have many interesting ideas and proposals for space science and space exploration, but the US space budget, though huge compared with that of other countries, is still limited. If the USA were to cooperate with China in space science and space exploration, there would be more opportunities for US scientific discovery. For example, in the China–ESA cooperative Double Star Exploration Program, China supplied the launch service and satellite. ESA supplied the back-up scientific instruments of the Cluster mission on the satellites. This helped ESA obtain more scientific data for research through the added payload. Greater research results were achieved. ESA’s instruments were valued at h800 000, which alone certainly cannot support a major new European science mission. _ More choices and back-up for the USA. Space exploration is an inherently risky activity in which the element of risk can be managed and mitigated but never eliminated. It is necessary for any country to spread and manage risk. More back-up means greater safety. International cooperation can be used to duplicate capabilities which ensure that failure in one area is unlikely to jeopardize the entire mission or project. The most obvious example of this point today is the ISS’s reliance on the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz for transporting humans to the station. In the next 20 years the USA and China will be realizing ambitions to fly to the Moon. By cooperating with China, this additional back-up would lower the risks involved in human spaceflight. For example, if Americans return to the Moon and meet with an accident, the Chinese lunar project or crew could supply assistance as a back-up. Usually, such arrangements are discussed and integrated from the very beginning, in the design phase. Unfortunately that does not seem very likely under current circumstances. _ Savings on the cost of US space projects to free up funds for more missions. Space science and space exploration activities are all extremely expensive, whether human or robotic. It is sometimes a waste of money and resources for different countries to explore the same unknown with the same scientific goals. Humans around the world should definitely share in pursuing these missions. In contrast, duplicated efforts will result in negative byproducts, such as more space debris and an increased perception of a space race. China’s space launch and satellite ability has advanced greatly. Its space budget is also very stable, although total funding is not very high. It is believed that China’s civil space budget will grow continually over the next 15 years. If the USA can supply some instruments to or engage in joint research with China, it will be able to save significantly on mission costs associated with instrument development and launch. The USA would thus have more money for other worthwhile projects which other countries do not have the ability to do at present. This would obviously help the USA maintain its ‘‘space leadership’’. _ Some space research, inherently global in nature, involves targets in geographic locations that are important to US interests. Earth observation research is a good example. China’s Earth observation data and other useful data and research achievements could enrich US research models or pools in the same fields. Scientists from both countries need to integrate data for research and development. Another example is that US scientists may need China’s ground-based magnetic storm data to perfect their space weather prediction model. It will be very helpful to both countries to undertake joint research in these areas. _ Benefits for the US space industry. China is a very big market. China’s GDP increases by over 10% per year [9], which also means very rapid development and lots of business opportunities. The USA’s space industry and its other technology-intensive products are more obviously competitive than China’s. If Congress were to assume a more positive posture, the US space industry would be able to expand into China’s market and reap significant benefits. This would help to reduce the USA’s trade deficit as well. Europe has already entered China’s space market and received economic benefits in space business and other areas. Sino-U.S. relations are key to solve for human survival Hays, former Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, 2009 (Peter L., former Air Force Lieutenant Colonel and Associate Director of Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies, “Space and Sino-American Security Relations”, Space Defense: Scholarly Journal of the United States Air Force Academy’s, Volume 2, Number 3, Winter 2009, p.16-17, http://web.mac.com/rharrison5/Eisenhower_Center_for_Space_and_Defense_Studies/Journal_Vol_2_No_3_files/Space%20and%20Defense%202_3.pdf, accessed 7/6/11) EK Addressing four issue areas can help provide context and focus for these concerns: contrasting Chinese and American views of space and comparing the place of space during the Cold War with its role in the current global security environment; reviewing the evolution of security space capabilities and superpower space arms control; evaluating the role of space capabilities in Sino-American security interrelationships, particularly with respect to a potential conflict over Taiwan; and assessing the prospects for a range of possible cooperative ventures and transparency- and confidence-building measures (TCBMs). Defusing space apprehensions will be difficult and there are currently several worrisome trends, but space holds unique potential to help define the Sino-American security relationship and shape the very future of humanity. If Beijing and Washington can work towards resolving or at least lessening space tensions they will not only better manage their overall relationship but also open more opportunities to use space for the benefit of all humanity through pursuit of genuinely cooperative spacepower objectives such as joint science and exploration missions, generating wealth in space, harvesting energy from space, and, ultimately, improving the odds for humanity’s survival by better protecting Earth and creating capabilities to become a multi-planetary species. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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