Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff



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China Rising Now – Space



China is becoming a leader in space and technology to smaller states globally

Moltz, associate professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, 5/11/11

(Dr. James Clay, “Military And Civil Space Programs In China; Committee: Senate U.S.-China Economic And Security Review Commission”, Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony, LexisNexis, accessed 7/1/11) EK


China has also used space to pursue its foreign policy goals. In 1992, it founded the Asia Pacific Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications (APMCSTA). This group, which included Pakistan, Thailand, and a number of other developing countries, eventually began cooperating in several areas, including in the joint development of satellites based on Chinese technology. In 2008, China led a subset of this group to establish the Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) a formal, membership only group modeled on ESA. The APSCO organization now includes seven dues paying members: China, Bangladesh, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, and Thailand. China has high hopes for APSCO, but it has yet to attract more accomplished space powers to the group. APSCO engages in joint research and data exchange efforts, as well as formal training courses for scientists and engineers from the Asian Pacific region in space technology and remote sensing. Through these efforts, China has been able to portray itself as a "purveyor" of space knowhow and technology to lesser developed states in Asia and elsewhere. One target of interest has been Indonesia, which recently received satellite ground stations and communications equipment from China, as well as visit by Chinese taikonauts. In recent years, China has also begun to engage in considerable commercial space exports. It has sold satellite laser ranging equipment to Argentina and ground stations and satellites to Venezuela, Pakistan, and Nigeria, among others. While China's space enterprises are seeking profits abroad, China also uses space exports for political purposes. Its space deals with Nigeria and Venezuela, for example, were motivated by Chinese interests in longterm energy security. In both cases, these deals for Chinese built and launched geostationary communications satellites were officially commercial, but on very favorable credit terms to the purchasing countries, with China providing some costs and offering lowor zero interest rates on its loans. China also provided technical training to each country's space scientists, as well as building ground stations on their territories.

China is emerging as the new space power

Wolf, Reuters Defense Technology Correspondent, 11

(Jim, 1-30-11, “US-China space cooperation fades” http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/2011/01/03/china-usa-space-2/ MLF, accessed 7-2-11)


The Chinese visit to NASA did not materialize in 2010 for reasons that have not been explained. NASA representatives did not reply to questions but a Chinese embassy spokesman, Wang Baodong, said he suspected it was “mainly a scheduling issue.” China is an emerging space power. Over 13 years starting in August 1996, it ran up 75 consecutive successful Long March rocket launches after overcoming technical glitches with the help of US companies. China launched its second moon orbiter in October. In 2008, it became the third country after the United States and Russia to send astronauts on a spacewalk outside an orbiting craft. Beijing plans an unmanned moon landing and deployment of a moon rover in 2012 and the retrieval of lunar soil and stone samples around 2017. Chinese scientists have talked about the possibility of sending a man to the moon after 2020 – more than 50 years after US astronauts accomplished the feat.

China Rising Now – Tech



China’s attempts to become a major power have lead them to make technologies that challenge US dominance in Space

Tellis, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment, 8

(Dr. Ashley, “CHINA’S PROLIFERATION PRACTICES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CYBER AND SPACE WARFARE CAPABILITIES,” Hearing before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 20, 2008, Pg. 15-16, JSkoog)


The first is that it is a truly comprehensive program. China is not just another developing country that has capabilities that are discrete and isolated. The Chinese space program essentially is an end-to-end program. It has everything from space science to international cooperation integrated into a whole and designed to serve the purposes of national policy. The purposes of national policy in this context are essentially the accumulation of Chinese national power and the hope that this accumulation of national power will once again restore China to being a major global power in the international system. So the first element is its comprehensiveness. The second element is that the program is essentially integrated. It's hard to find within the Chinese space program any clear distinctions between the civilian and the military. In fact, many have characterized the Chinese space program as essentially being a military program which has certain civilian projects undertaken as part of that larger rubric. The important policy point of consequence of this reality is that any cooperation with China in space must be understood to benefit at some level its military capabilities. So the second element is that the program is integrated. The third element is that it is really a very focused program. The Chinese have refused to invest in space capabilities that involve a frittering of resources. Rather they have tailored the program to meet very specific developmental and military needs. So don't look to the Chinese space program and hope to see an isomorphic replication of what the U.S. space program looks like. It's a much smaller program, but because China's resources are constrained, it's a program that is tailored very clearly to meeting certain national goals. To the degree that competition with the U.S. is involved in this program, it's a program that's focused on essentially acquiring technologies from any source at the lowest cost possible and integrating these technologies so acquired to advance Chinese national interests. Let me say a few words about China's military space capabilities which are the dimension of the space program that assists Chinese military forces. China's military space capabilities are essentially defined by its national military strategy, which is focused on preparing for active defense in the context of local wars which are fought under informationalized conditions. The essence of this framework is essentially to seek, secure, and maintain information superiority in the context of a conflict. Because this is the strategic aim of the Chinese military space program, the military space program has three basic dimensions: China seeks to develop a wide spectrum of capabilities designed to advance its conventional military operations. The second is that China seeks to develop capabilities that will deny its adversaries access to space. And third, because there is a clear understanding that space is central to information dominance, China recognizes that a struggle for space is inevitable and therefore must prepare for it. Given this fact, most Chinese military space investments today seem to be focused in three broad mission areas: Developing capabilities for space support. That is essentially being able to launch systems of different kinds into space. Providing capabilities that enhance force application, that is, the use of military forces, primarily China's conventional military forces. And third, developing capabilities that allow China to deny the use of space to other more superior adversaries, especially the United States.




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