Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
Inherency – No Coop Now – ISS
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- Inherency – No Coop Now – Wolf Clause (1/4)
Inherency – No Coop Now – ISSISS and other cooperation blocked now Cyranoski, Asia-Pacific correspondent at Nature Publishing Group, 11 (David, Scientific American, “China Unveils Its Space Station”, 5/4/11, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=china-unveils-its-space-station, accessed 6/30/11. CW) The International Space Station (ISS) is just one space-shuttle flight away from completion, but the construction boom in low-Earth orbit looks set to continue for at least another decade. Last week, China offered the most revealing glimpse yet of its plans to deploy its own station by 2020. The project seems to be overcoming delays and internal resistance and is emerging as a key part of the nation's fledgling human space-flight program. At a press briefing in Beijing, officials with the China Manned Space Engineering Office even announced a contest to name the station, a public-relations gesture more characteristic of space programs in the United States, Europe and Japan. China first said it would build a space station in 1992. But the need for a manned outpost "has been continually contested by Chinese space professionals who, like their counterparts in the United States, question the scientific utility and expense of human space flight", says Gregory Kulacki, China project manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. "That battle is effectively over now, however, and the funds for the space station seem to have been allocated, which is why more concrete details are finally beginning to emerge." Significantly smaller in mass than the ISS and Russia's Mir space station (see 'Rooms with a view'), which was deorbited in 2001, the station will consist of an 18.1-metre-long core module and two 14.4-metre experimental modules, plus a manned spaceship and a cargo craft. The three-person station will host scientific experiments, but Kulacki says it also shares the broader goals of China's human space program, including boosting national pride and China's international standing. The space-station project will unfold in a series of planned launches over the next ten years. Last Friday, official state media confirmed that the Tiangong 1 and Shenzhou 8 unmanned space modules will attempt a docking in orbit later this year, a maneuver that will be crucial for assembling a station in orbit. If that goes well, two manned Shenzhou craft will dock with Tiangong 1 in 2012. China will then move on to proving its space laboratory capabilities, launching Tiangong 2 and Tiangong 3, which are designed for 20-day and 40-day missions, respectively, over the next 3 years. Finally, it will launch the modules that make up the station. Observers describe the program as slow, systematic and cautious. According to the Chinese media, engineers have made more than 170 technical modifications to China's Long March rocket in preparation for the next series of launches. "As China is now really venturing into terra incognita with this stage of its manned space program, the unknowns and risks are greater," says Eric Hagt, director of the China program at the Center for Defense Information in Washington DC. Hagt says that the station's small size is partly the result of advances in miniaturization since Mir and the ISS were designed and partly because China "needs to be economical and has stressed that all along. China has studiously avoided the impression that it is in a race, particularly with the United States." China has said that its space technology will be compatible with that used in the ISS so that modules from other countries could dock with its station, and it promises that its facility will be able to host experiments from non-Chinese researchers. But the US Congress, fearing industrial espionage, has long opposed any role for China in the ISS. As a result, the Chinese space program has had no alternative but to "go it alone", says Joan Johnson-Freese, an expert on national security and on China at the US Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Last week's announcement came just two weeks after the passage of a 2011 US federal spending bill that explicitly prohibits NASA from collaborating with China. Inherency – No Coop Now – Wolf Clause (1/4)The US and China have taken small steps toward cooperation, but the Wolf Clause impedes meaningful cooperation Xinhua, 5/17/11 (Xinhua general news Service Editorial, Commentary: "Wolf Clause" betrays China-U.S. cooperation, Section: WORLD NEWS; Political, Lexis) AC U.S. space shuttle Endeavor blasted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Monday, kicking off its 25th and the last space mission in history, which draws great attention from media worldwide. The event, of course, is also catching the eyes of media and scientists in China because the shuttle carries the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-2 (AMS) particle detector, the mankind's most ambitious effort to date to explore the universe' origin with Nobel laureate physicist Samuel Ting as the program's principal scientist. The 7,000-kg AMS worth 2 billion U.S. dollars will be placed in the International Space Station (ISS) and an international team of more than 600 scientists, including many from China's mainland and Taiwan, have joined Ting's exhausting but respectable AMS program. China's scientists have played a crucial role in designing and manufacturing some core parts of the device. However, Chinese journalists who hoped to cover the launching of Endeavor were simply denied entry to the site by a ban initiated by Frank Wolf, chairman of the Committee of Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies in the House of Representatives. The United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) revoked the media passes granted to journalists from China due to the ban, or the "Wolf Clause", which was regarded as "discriminative" by even Americans themselves. On April 15, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the budget bill for fiscal year 2011 which will end on Sept. 30 after the House of Representatives passed it. The bill included a clause which bans any China-U.S. joint scientific research activities related to NASA or coordinated by the White House's Science Policy Office. Under the clause in the budget bill, none of the Congress-approved funds for the U.S. government "may be used for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or the Office of Science and Technology Policy to develop, design, plan, promulgate, implement, or execute a bilateral policy, program, order, or contract of any kind to participate, collaborate, or coordinate bilaterally in any way with China or any Chinese-owned company." It also applies the limitation "to any funds used to effectuate the hosting of official Chinese visitors at facilities belonging to or utilized" by NASA. As a result, Chinese journalists were denied the opportunity to make live coverage of the shuttle's blast-off, just as their peers from other countries have done. The Chinese journalists were also kept away from NASA's press conferences. Obviously, the "Wolf Clause" runs counter to the trend that both China and the United States are trying to push ahead their exchanges and cooperation in science and technology. During the third round of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) held in Washington earlier this month, the two sides published accomplishments of the dialogue, which includes the cooperation in science and technology. Moreover, China and the U.S. this year renewed their bilateral agreements on scientific and technological cooperation. The Obama administration also attached importance to the current development and trend of scientific and technological cooperation between China and the U.S. and realized the nature of mutual benefit brought about by such cooperation. John P.Holdren, director of the Science and Technology Policy Office of the White House, has told Xinhua that the cooperation on science and technology was one of the most dynamic fields in bilateral relations between China and the United States. The "Wolf Clause" exposed the anxiety of hawkish politicians in the United States over China's peaceful development in recent years, and it also demonstrated their shortsightedness to the whole world. The "Wolf Clause" was a result of compromise made by Obama to Republicans to avoid possible bankruptcy of the U.S. government. It is also a concession between U.S. Republicans and Democrats, but the "clause" will not in any way change the trend of the increasingly closer scientific and technological cooperation between China and the U.S. In fact, the "Wolf Clause" has incurred criticism, even from some [CARD CONTINUES] Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.99 Mb. Share with your friends:
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