Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
Coop Solves Relations – Tech
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Coop Solves Relations – TechScientific and technological cooperation key to US-Sino relations and space China Through a Lens, 3/4/02 [China Through a Lens, “Sci-tech Cooperation: a Win-Win 30-year History Between China and US”3/4/02, http://www.china.org.cn/english/china-us/27985.htm, accessed 6/31/11, HK] Ever since President Richard Nixon’s official China visit in 1972, which opened a new era for Sino-US ties, scientific and technological cooperation, as well as the economic and trade cooperation, have become the most important backbone for Sino-US relations. Scientific and technological cooperation has always been one of the key fields at bilateral summits. On January 31, 1979, Deng Xiaoping signed the Agreement between the US and the Chinese Governments on Cooperation in Science and Technology with President Jimmy Carter during his official visit to the US, launching a very important and promising field for further contacts between the two countries. In July of 1997, Chinese President Jiang Zemin made an official visit to the US,during which the two countries agreed to cooperate in a space-based program for studying the Earth. At the same time, the Energy and Environment Cooperation Initiative between the two countries was signed; In June of 1998, President Bill Clinton visited China, and the two countries reached an agreement on cooperation concerning peaceful uses of nuclear technologies and signed a letter of intent on cooperation concerning urban air quality monitoring network. The Agreement between the US and the Chinese Governments on Cooperation in Science and Technology gives a broad overview of the scientific and technological cooperation between the two countries, and it is renewed every five years. So far, the period of validity for this convention has been extended to April 30, 2006. Based on this convention, the two governments have signed 34 cooperation protocols or memorandums step by step, covering more than 30 fields, including high energy physics, space study, environmental protection, nuclear safety and energy efficiency. This number stands top in terms of the number of cooperation China has signed with other developed countries across the world. To plan and coordinate intergovernmental scientific and technological cooperation, the two countries set up the China-US Joint Commission on Scientific and Technological Cooperation. In the past 20 years or more, the commission has held nine conferences, providing a good dialog channel and negotiation mechanism for the two countries to carry out cooperation in areas of common interest, such as sanitation and health, energy, environment, fundamental research, and industrial technology. Leaders’ support from both sides and the smooth cooperation among governments of the two countries offered very favorable conditions for extensive scientific cooperation. In the past 10 years, the cooperation between Chinese Academy of Sciences and US science and research institutes or universities has reached a substantial stage. The Physics Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences set up a quantum physics research lab with the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The Institute of Computing Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Texas State Agriculture University established a united laboratory on modern communication technology; and the publication work for the English-version Chinese Plants, which is chaired by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Missouri Botanical Garden, and co-edited by many botanists from many counties or institutes, is underway. Prominent achievements have been made in terms of large-scale and comprehensive cooperation between China and US. Officials from the Ministry of Science and Technology indicated that, so far, the two countries have carried out several thousand projects regarding Sino-US scientific and technological cooperation, to which tens of thousand of scientists have given their invaluable contributions. The great achievements realized via Sino-US scientific and technological cooperation cover fundamental research, high technology, civil technology, among which, some of such achievements are leading the world, such as the remote satellite ground station by Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing electron-positron collision project, China digital earthquake network, the discovery of a hitherto unknown spiral-shaped galaxy, substitute technological research for home-use fluorine refrigerators and the production of super energy-saving refrigerators without fluorine, the framework for nuclear safety supervision management regulation and its management methods, a trial factory for electricity generation via circulation of gas, etc. Many American-Chinese Nobel Prize winners such as Tsung-Dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, Samuel C.C.Ting often hold international academic-exchange seminars and lead research cooperation between the two countries, making great contributions to China’ improvement in her research capacity. As a superpower with the most advanced science and technology, the United Sates has many advantages in many areas. From 1976 to 1999, among 122 Nobel Prize Winners, Americans gained 95. The statistics shows that the expenditure on scientific research and development in the US amounts to US$240 billion, accounting for half of the total scientific research and development expenditure for the seven most developed Western countries. Coop Key to Relations – TensionChinese space growth necessitates cooperation and dialogue Pace, Director of the Space Policy Institute, 5/11/11 (Scott - Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University, CQ Congressional Testimony, MILITARY AND CIVIL SPACE PROGRAMS IN CHINA; COMMITTEE: SENATE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION, Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony, Lexis) AC Growing Chinese space capabilities have naturally created speculation about future international space cooperation. A recent issue of Aviation Week and Space Technology (April 22, 2011) covered the wide and diverse range of international aerospace cooperation with China, notably in commercial aircraft. Such cooperation includes a full range of U.S. and European suppliers as well as traditional rivals, Boeing and Airbus. The amount and depth of cooperation is even more striking when compared to the minimal level of cooperation in space, even including space and Earth science. The two most recent U.S.China summit meetings include brief joint statements on space (emphasis added): "The United States and China look forward to expanding discussions on space science cooperation and starting a dialogue on human space flight and space exploration, based on the principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit. Both sides welcome reciprocal visits of the NASA Administrator and the appropriate Chinese counterpart in 2010." Beijing, China - November 17, 2009 "The United States and China agreed to take specific actions to deepen dialogue and exchanges in the field of space. The United States invited a Chinese delegation to visit NASA headquarters and other appropriate NASA facilities in 2011 to reciprocate for the productive visit of the U.S. NASA Administrator to China in (October) 2010. The two sides agreed to continue discussions on opportunities for practical future cooperation in the space arena, based on principles of transparency, reciprocity, and mutual benefit." Washington, DC - January 19, 2011 The 2009 statement was vague regarding who the Chinese counterpart to the NASA Administrator would be as that seems to be unclear even to the Chinese. The China National Space Administration (CNSA) had previously been used as the "civil" interlocutor for space cooperation and it was initially assumed this might hold true for discussions of human space flight. However, the technical capabilities and management of human space missions resides with the PLA and it has not be clear that the CNSA would "add value" to discussions. For the United States, however, it would also seem odd to have a former Marine Corps General (Administrator Bolden) meeting with senior PLA officers if the future for U.S.China militarytomilitary dialogue continues to be as uncertain as it has been. 1 Nonetheless, the NASA Administrator did visit China in October 2010 and the 2011 summit statement said that discussions of practical cooperation would continue on the basis of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit. The latter two principles are unremarkable and have been a consideration for all U.S. space cooperation since the beginning of NASA. The principle of transparency is a different consideration and goes to one of the central concerns with all Chinese space activities - a lack of understanding on how decisions are made and what strategic intentions drive them. In large part, such opacity is intentional on the part of Chinese officials. In various discussions, they have expressed their discomfort with even the term "transparency" and preferring other formulations such as "clarity of outcomes" - thus shielding their internal decisionmaking processes. Gaining a better understanding of China's decisionmaking process and strategic intentions remains a central objective and problem for the United States. This applies to civil space cooperation as well as other areas of the relationship. To oversimplify, in the case of the Soviet Union, we knew their intentions as well as their capabilities. China is not the Soviet Union, thankfully, but we may know more about their capabilities than their intentions. 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