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CP Solves – Mars Exploration
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CP Solves – Mars ExplorationIndia solves Mars exploration best. Fox 10 (FoxNews “The Race to the Red Planet” http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/10/27/road-red-planet-mars-nasa-china/ kdej) A 50-million-mile target has been set, a straight spaceshot with a clear (though distant) goal. But who will make the first footprint on Mars? Though both Russia and China have put men in space and say they hope someday to set foot on the moon, the United States remains the only country to do so. Yet Russia and China and some other countries have also publicly articulated a vision for manned space exploration that includes a more distant target: Mars. Initially built for a 90-day mission, Mars rovers Spirit spent more than six years exploring Mars. NASA recently retired the vehicle, but it leaves behind a wealth of data. Now reports of a new deep-space satellite suggest that China intends to launch toward Mars -- and as soon as 2013. It's too early to call it a race, says Henry Hertzfeld, research professor of space policy and international affairs in the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. But China's Martian orbiter may indicate a second destination for the country's space program. "It's natural that if they are serious about space exploration (which, it is clear, they are), Mars is a challenge beyond the Moon. Just as it is for us," Hertzfeld told FoxNews.com in an e-mail. The new project will make use of technologies developed for China's first lunar satellite, launched in 2007, according to a report from the Xinhua news agency. The plan was based on research conducted by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), said Huang Jiangchuan, an expert at a forum on China's space technology. He described the technologies likely to be used -- including ones to boost the satellite's payload capability and exploration accuracy -- as "already quite advanced," according to the report. Hertzfeld nevertheless cautioned that the differences between the 1960s and the 21st century make for a very different competitive landscape. There are more countries now with space capabilities and access to space; there is much more cooperation among nations; and the costs are astronomical. "I think it's too early to tell if we will engage in a true 'race' to Mars as we did with the USSR to the moon," he said. But the official messages from governments seem to tell a different story, with the U.S., India, China, and Russia all declaring that they hope to reach Mars at around the same time. "By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth," President Obama said this year when he announced America's new goal's for NASA. "And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect to be around to see it." But will we be first? India has plans of its own for the Red Planet. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) chairman K. Radhakrishnan said Monday that Mars was on its radar as well. "A mission to Mars, for several reasons, has become a priority for us," Radhakrishnan said -- though he admitted that India would not build the lander that would take its Chandrayan 2 program to the surface. That vehicle is being developed by Russia, he explained, although a rover "is currently being fabricated in Indian laboratories." Nevertheless, India has publicly stated that it intends to go to Mars by 2030. So the race is on.Yet many rules and parameters governing the battle remain unresolved, Hertzfeld said. "If there is a race, the major and minor players are yet to be determined," he told FoxNews.com. "And unlike the Cold War space race, it may not be one to show off technological superiority -- but one that is focused on partnerships for resource needs (terrestrially, such as oil and food), and/or political standing. Commercial interests on celestial bodies would be a possibility, but a longer term one." Hertzfeld noted the key issue standing before the U.S. and NASA when it comes to reaching Mars: money. And he asked: "Will either the U.S. or China (or someone else) commit the large amount of capital over a long period of time to these projects?" NASA is currently coordinating with a variety of commercial businesses to facilitate manned missions to Mars, including SpaceX, the United Launch Alliance (a partnership that includes Boeing Corp.), Orbital Sciences Corp., and others. Which one will successfully build our next-generation rocket for manned spaceflight remains a much debated question -- and representatives from NASA did not respond to multiple requests from FoxNews.com for comments for this story. NASA isn't resting on its laurels, however, or leaving the entire mission up to private enterprise. The space agency has given the green light for development of a 2013 Mars orbiter mission to investigate the mystery of how Mars lost much of its atmosphere, a program called the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (Maven) mission. In addition, the space agency plans yet another in its series of Martian rovers, this one a science laboratory called Curiosity intended to collect soil samples and rock cores and analyze them for organic compounds. NASA has just installed a webcam to let the public watch Curiosity's assembly and testing. But months of work remain before the car-sized rover is ready for launch from Cape Canaveral. "The launch period for Curiosity (the Mars Science Laboratory mission) is fall 2011. The specific launch period is Nov. 25 to Jan. 18, 2011," said Guy Webster of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA has sent a half dozen probes to Mars already, including the well known rovers Spirit and Opportunity that landed there in 2004 and have sent back a wealth of data. In addition, the Phoenix lander hit the planet on May 25, 2008, on a mission to explore the planet's icy soil, and the Reconnaissance Orbiter has been capturing pictures of Mars since 2006. Earlier craft Express and Odyssey also gleaned knowledge of our distant neighbor. In fact, rather than a race, NASA characterizes relations with China as friendly. NASA administrator Charles Bolden just returned from a trip to China that he credited with laying a foundation for future dialogue and cooperation between the two space programs. "Although my visit did not include consideration of any specific proposals for future cooperation, I believe that my delegation's visit to China increased mutual understanding on the issue of human spaceflight and space exploration, which can form the basis for further dialogue and cooperation in a manner that is consistent with the national interests of both of our countries," Bolden said in an Oct. 25 statement. If dates slip and none of these programs succeed in putting a man on Mars, the first footprint on the Red Planet may end up surprising everyone. Russia has announced plans to return to space -- using monkeys to pilot its rockets. India solves Mars exploration – they can get there super quickly. Mars Daily 6 (“ India Mulls Unmanned Mission To Mars By 2013” http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/India_Mulls_Unmanned_Mission_To_Mars_By_2013_999.html kdej) Indian space scientists plan to send an unmanned mission to Mars by 2013 to look for evidence of life, a news report said on Sunday. The six-to-eight-month mission, likely to be launched in the next seven years, would cost three billion rupees (67 million dollars), the Hindustan Times reported. "Mars is emerging on our horizon. The geo-stationary launch vehicle can take a payload to Mars and our Deep Space Network can track it all the way," G. Madhavan Nair, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), told the newspaper. "There is a lot of interest in Mars. The missions of the United States and the European Space Agency have given us some interesting data. Let us see what value addition our mission can bring," he said. The mission will study the chemical attributes of the Martian atmosphere and the planet's sub-soil and terrain, ISRO programme director S.C Chakravarthy told the English-language daily. India plans to send its first unmanned probe to the moon in two or three years' time. More ev. One India 7 (“ India can take up Mars mission in 2012: ISRO” http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro-1176297531.html kdej) Bangalore, Apr 11: India can launch a mission to Mars in 2012, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chairman G Madhavan Nair indicated today. Talking to newspersons here, he said ISRO had received a proposal for Mars mission from the Indian scientific community and it was being looked into. If feasible, the mission could take place in 2012. The GSLV was capable of taking an Indian spacecraft of up to 500 kg weight to Mars, he added. On manned mission, Dr Nair said ISRO had received an allocation of Rs 80 crore in the current budget for preparing a detailed project report and other requirements. ISRO would be in a position to submit the report to the Government for clearance in a year. Once the approval was received from the Government, the mission could be launched eight years from then. Detailed studies need to be carried out on various aspects of the manned mission, including training, before it could be implemented, he explained. To a question, he said the payload for the Chandrayaan I mission was being finalised and tested and it would be integrated later this year for the mission to take off early next year. Scientists from NASA had visited India and ISRO scientists had also visited the US for discussions on the payload. Necessary research is already being done.CEC 8 (Citizens Electoral Council, “India Plans Mars Mission by 2015” http://cecaust.com.au/main.asp?sub=articles&id=2009_09_01_india-mars.html kdej) September 1, 2009 (LPAC)—Addressing the inaugural session of the 8th International Conference on Low Cost Planetary Missions, G. Madhavan Nair, chairman of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) at Panaji, Goa, said India plans to launch the country's mission to Mars some time between 2013 and 2015. "The mission is at a conceptual stage and will be taken up after Chandrayaan-2," he added. "Mars is very much on our agenda... It will be a challenge for us and we will chalk out a program soon." Chandrayaan-2, is the second unmanned lunar exploration mission proposed by the ISRO. The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as a Lander/Rover. ISRO plans to land a motorized rover on the Moon likely in 2012, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface, to pick up soil or rock samples for on site chemical analysis. The data will be sent to Earth through Chandrayaan-2, which will be in lunar orbit. Chandrayaan-1 landed on Moon last November, and, after sending signals for about 10 months, it has just lost contact with the command center. India plans to power some parts of the Chandrayaan-2—its next unmanned mission to the Moon—with nuclear energy and the feasibility studies are being carried out by Indian Space Research Organization and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. "We are thinking of powering some parts of Chandrayaan-2 with nuclear power and it will power the spacecraft when it revolves around the dark side of the moon," ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair told media on Aug. 13, before accepting the degree of Doctorate of Science conferred on him at the 47th Convocation of Indian Institute of Technology, in Mumbai (IIT-B). The ISRO chief said the mission to Mars would be the most important Indian exploration as "it is a planet with atmosphere, lots of minerals and even preliminary indications of water presence." ISRO has already begun preparation for sending a spacecraft to Mars. New Delhi has sanctioned the seed money to carry out various studies on experiments to be conducted, en route in the mission and other details necessary to scale the new frontier. Nair had said recently that the mission studies had already been completed and that space scientists were trying to collect scientific proposals and scientific objectives. India solves the case. MeriNews 7 (“India plans a trip to Mars” http://www.merinews.com/article/india-plans-a-trip-to-mars/127850.shtml kdej) A FLIGHT to mars is the latest buzzword. India is all set to pay a visit to the Red Planet as part of ISRO’s 11th plan that came to light on Friday. Mars seems to have become a favorite after moon for countries like the US, Russia and the European Space Agency. Russia has already started its preparations in full swing for a trip to Mars. According to sources, India is likely to carry out scientific activities on Mars. The Indian Mars Mission is likely to focus on studying the Martian atmosphere and the weather. The project will also focus on searching for water. Japan and China are also expected to plan a trip to mars. Indian space scientists feel that at this point we cannot afford to stay behind. However, a lot of analysis needs to be done before finalizing the trip to Mars. Mars is one planet which has attracted scientists and researchers since a long time. People have even held debates on the possibility of life on Mars. The timeline for the six to eight month flight to Mars is yet to be worked. It has been estimated that if the centre gives its support, the project will take off by 2015. The GSLV (Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) is already operational and the total estimated cost of the project is Rs 386 crore. A trip to Mars has triggered various ideas in the minds of the people. Some feel that it will be a great expedition while others day that the money could be used to tackle more important issues like poverty in India. Manju Mehta, a science teacher says, “The mission to Mars is a great venture. If it works out, it will be an enormous achievement for India. Mars is one of the most sought after planet and a scientific journey will enhance the economic value of India.” Ketki Rao, banker, says, “When I told my kids that scientists were planning a visit to Mars, they were very excited. They said that we would get to know if there was life on the other planet and that if aliens really existed.” A trip to Mars will answer several questions regarding the atmosphere, the Ionosphere and presence of water. Priyanka Mehra, entrepreneur says, “As a kid I always wondered if Mars had life on it? I thought that the planet had a reddish atmosphere with lots of dust and aliens who dressed in thermal silver clothes. The trip will answer a number of my questions and I am sure it will be an interesting affair. ” Meenakshi Dutt, a schoolteacher, says, “The trip to Mars will benefit the scientific department but it will also incur a huge cost. There are more important problems in our country that need to be tacked for example poverty, environment degradation and terrorism. The government never has enough money to support those who die from hunger each year, but there are ample resources in its treasury to finance a trip to Mars.” Rohan Gupta, businessman says, “Wow. A trip to Mars! Is there any tourist destination there? How will the common man benefit from the expedition to Mars? You never know, our scientists might borrow some of the Martians’ advanced technologies.” A trip to Mars might be an enchanting one but one can only depend on time to decide when it will be flagged. A well directed effort like this might add a feather in the cap of India’s space ventures and bring it at par with other so-called scientifically advanced countries. India has met almost all necessary preconditions to go to Mars – they just need a push Asia Times 7 (“India sets its sights on Mars” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ID19Df02.html kdej) BANGALORE - India's space scientists are reaching out further into the universe. Even as an unmanned mission to the moon is readying for launch, and a manned mission to space awaits final approval from the government, they are already eyeing the next destination - Mars. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is willing to launch a mission to Mars if it gets a green light from the government, its chairman Madhavan Nair, told reporters in Bangalore last week. "Our scientific community has come out with an outline of a mission to Mars. If the proposal is interesting, we will pursue it," Nair said. "We can undertake a mission to Mars within five years of the government's approval. If the project is given the go-ahead now, we will be in a position to launch the mission to the red planet by 2012," Nair, who is also chairman of the Space Commission, an apex policymaking body on space matters, said. Nair's statement came in response to questions from the media on India's Mars strategy in the context of China recently announcing a joint mission with Russia to Mars in 2009. Under an agreement signed by Russia and China a little more than a fortnight ago, the Russian spacecraft Phobos Explorer will carry a Chinese satellite to Mars, where the latter will probe the Martian space environment. But the ISRO denies that the interest in a Mars mission has been prompted by the Chinese-Russian move to this planet. "India's space program has always been determined by its own development goals, interests and priorities," S Krishnamurthy, ISRO's spokesman, told Asia Times Online, ruling out that India is in a space race with other countries or that its space program is influenced by what other countries do. India's space program is on a roll. Preparations for an unmanned moon mission, Chandrayaan-I, are on in full swing. The ISRO has begun assembling the moon craft that will lift off in March 2008. And it is pushing forward with regard to sending a human into space as well. After getting a nod from the Indian scientific community for a manned space mission, the ISRO is working on the project proposal which it will submit for government approval later this year. In January, the ISRO demonstrated expertise in re-entry technology that is central to sending a manned mission when it brought back safely to earth an orbiting capsule. This is complex technology that only a few countries, the United States, Russia, France, Japan, China and now India, have. And if India succeeds with its manned space mission it will join an exclusive club including Russia, the US and China that have sent humans into space. India has impressive capabilities in launch vehicles and satellites. Until a recent failed launch of the geo-synchronous launch vehicle, the ISRO had a string of successful launches to its credit. It has put some 45 satellites in orbit to date. In the area of Earth Observation, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system is the world's largest constellation of satellites in operation. ISRO scientists are confident that they have the technological expertise to fulfill India's space dreams, whether with regard to the unmanned space mission, the manned mission to space or the Mars mission. "A mission to Mars might seem a distant dream at this juncture but it is not impossible given our considerable expertise and experience," a retired ISRO scientist told Asia Times Online. "An India-made rocket like the GSLV [geo-synchronous launch vehicle] can carry over 500-kg payload and reach Mars without a hitch," Nair had pointed out last week. Like its mission to the moon, the mission to Mars will come in for sharp criticism from sections within the country on the grounds that this is a hugely costly indulgence as India confronts serious problems of poverty, illiteracy and malnutrition. But India's robust economic growth in recent years means it can afford its space and defense programs, counter others. Besides, the ISRO's projects are implemented with small budgets. Its total budget is said to be one-twentieth of that of America's National Aeronautical and Space Administration. Years of technology sanctions imposed on India following its explosion of a nuclear device in 1974, prompted its scientific community to look for economical and indigenously developed technology. Krishnamurthy points out that missions to the moon or Mars are not at the cost of the ISRO's other programs that have developmental applications. "The moon mission, for instance, involves an investment of only Rs600 million [US$14 million] per year over five years, just 2% of ISRO's total budget," he said, stressing that the priority of other programs will not fall as a result of the headline-grabbing moon or Mars missions. Besides, the ISRO isn't a research organization that simply consumes funds. It has yielded concrete results, contributed to development priorities such as education and healthcare, generated profits and is a commercial success. The financing of its dreams isn't fully dependent on government largesse. The ISRO's growing commercial success - India builds and launches satellites that are 40% cheaper than its European and US competitors - is meeting a large part of its rising expenditures. They might be increasing dramatically - its projected spending for fiscal 2008 is the highest in recent years and 29% more than budgeted for in the previous financial year - but so is its revenue. Antrix, the ISRO's commercial arm, expects a 30% growth in revenue for the year ending March 2008. Unlike the space programs of other countries that had their roots in their defense programs, that of India was rooted in developmental objectives. According to the ISRO chairman, "NASA is interested in interplanetary exploration, looking at galaxies, asteroids and other planets. ISRO is first and foremost interested in looking at planet Earth and conceiving of applications for space to improve the quality of life down here." Indeed, India's space program has been an agent of change with achievements in the fields of education, distance learning, television broadcasting, water management, weather forecast, agriculture, telemedicine and so on. Does India's mission to the moon or a possible one to Mars indicate a change in the ISRO's priorities? Will its mission to explore the moon and Mars distract it from pursuing the development agenda? Will India's space program lose direction if it decides to go in for mission to Mars? Krishnamurthy stoutly refutes such allegations. "Missions to the moon or Mars will give us technology that will upgrade our communication and remote-sensing systems, which are used for developmental applications," he argues. These missions he says will in fact further fuel the development agenda of India's space program. Besides, the development applications of the space program are expanding alongside. It does seem that India's space program hasn't lost direction yet. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.56 Mb. Share with your friends:
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