National Forests in Florida Final Report
I.B.2.N.f. Semipermanently flooded cold-deciduous forest
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- I.B.2.N.f.3 Bald-cypress Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance (A.346)
I.B.2.N.f. Semipermanently flooded cold-deciduous forestI.B. Deciduous forest I.B.2.N.f.2 Water Tupelo - (Bald-cypress) Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance (A.345)NYSSA AQUATICA - (TAXODIUM DISTICHUM) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE Alliance Concept Summary: This alliance encompasses semipermanently flooded forested riverine swamps dominated by Nyssa aquatica, with or without Taxodium distichum as a codominant. Stands of this alliance may vary in composition from ones largely dominated by Nyssa to ones dominated by a mix of Taxodium, Nyssa, and other hardwood species. Dominance of Nyssa may vary conceptually from 100-25%. Dominance of Taxodium may vary from less than 75% to absent. Other canopy and subcanopy species may include Nyssa biflora, Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Fraxinus profunda, Fraxinus caroliniana, Planera aquatica, and Populus heterophylla. Shrubs and herbs are typically limited to tree bases, fallen logs, and other elevated places in the stand. Itea virginica is often the only shrub present. Herbaceous species may be absent and often are sparse. Species present can include Phanopyrum gymnocarpon (= Panicum gymnocarpon), Pluchea camphorata, Boehmeria cylindrica, Rudbeckia laciniata, Sagittaria latifolia, Onoclea sensibilis, Triadenum walteri, Carex joorii, Carex glaucescens, Proserpinaca pectinata, Asclepias perennis, Saururus cernuus, Justicia ovata, Leersia lenticularis, and others. Associations in this alliance occur in backwater sloughs, low wet flats, swales and backswamps, and along blackwater streams; and in artificial lakes and millponds and other situations with altered or enhanced hydrology. Surface water is present throughout the growing season in most years. Forests in this alliance occur virtually throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain within the range of Nyssa aquatica, and in the Arkansas River Valley; also reported from the Mobile and Tensaw rivers in Alabama. Synonymy: IIA4b. Bald Cypress - Water Tupelo Swamp, in part (Allard 1990) IIA4c. Bald Cypress - Swamp Black Gum Swamp, in part (Allard 1990) IIA4d. Tupelo Swamp, in part (Allard 1990) Cypress - Tupelo Swamp (Foti 1994b) Tupelo Blackgum Swamp (Foti 1994b) Baldcypress-Water Tupelo Series, in part (Diamond 1993) P1B3dI1a. Taxodium distichum (Foti et al. 1994) P1B3dI1b. Taxodium distichum - Nyssa aquatica (Foti et al. 1994) P1B3dII3a. Nyssa aquatica (Foti et al. 1994) Baldcypress - Tupelo: 102, in part (Eyre 1980) Water Tupelo - Swamp Tupelo: 103, in part (Eyre 1980) Baldcypress / Ceratophyllum Semi-Permanently Flooded Swamps, in part (Turner et al. 1999) Comments: Compare with seasonally flooded alliances (I.B.2.N.e) which have no surface water present by the end of the growing season in most years. There is an association that occurs in semipermanently flooded sloughs that is dominated by Nyssa ogeche under scattered Nyssa aquatica; its alliance placement needs assessment. Alliance Distribution Range: Forests in this alliance occur virtually throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain within the range of Nyssa aquatica, and in the Arkansas River Valley; also reported from the Mobile and Tensaw rivers in Alabama. This alliance is found in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and possibly Ohio (?). States: AL AR FL GA IL IN? KY LA MO MS NC SC TN TX VA USFS Ecoregions: 222A:C, 222C:C, 222D:C, 231B:C, 231E:?, 231G:C, 232B:C, 232C:C, 232D:C, 232F:C, 234A:C Federal Lands: DOD (Fort Benning, Pine Bluff Arsenal); DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Congaree Swamp, Shiloh); USFS (Angelina?, Apalachicola, Conecuh?, Croatan, Davy Crockett, De Soto, Delta, Francis Marion, Kisatchie, Ocala, Ozark, Sabine?, Sam Houston, St. Francis, Talladega, Tuskegee); USFWS (Hatchie, Lower Hatchie?) Alliance Sources References: Allard 1990, Conner and Day 1976, Devall 1991, Diamond 1993, Eyre 1980, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Foti 1994a, Foti et al. 1994, Fowells 1965, Hardin 1990, Klawitter 1962, Leitman et al. 1983, Miller and Neiswender 1989, Monk 1968, Schneider et al. 1989, Turner et al. 1999, Wharton et al. 1982, Whipple et al. 1981 I.B. Deciduous forest I.B.2.N.f.3 Bald-cypress Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance (A.346)TAXODIUM DISTICHUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE Alliance Concept Summary: Swamp forests dominated by Taxodium distichum often with a monospecific canopy. Dominance by Taxodium should be greater than 75%, but hardwoods may be present. Other canopy species that may be present include Fraxinus profunda (= Fraxinus tomentosa), Populus heterophylla, Nyssa aquatica, and possibly others. The subcanopy is usually sparse and may contain Planera aquatica, Fraxinus caroliniana (in its range), and occasionally Acer rubrum. The shrub and herbaceous layers are very sparse and frequently limited to tree bases and downed logs. Species present include Cephalanthus occidentalis, Forestiera acuminata, Bidens discoidea, Carex lupulina, Proserpinaca palustris, Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana, and Saururus cernuus. Occurrence of the alliance is possible in suitable habitat anywhere within the range of Taxodium distichum, i.e., the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain from southern Delaware to southern Florida, the lower Gulf Coastal Plain to southeastern Texas, and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain to southern Illinois. However, it is more commonly recognized outside of, or near the edge of, the range of Nyssa aquatica which otherwise is frequently codominant with Taxodium distichum. Such areas include: southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma, eastern Mississippi and adjacent Alabama, southern Indiana, peninsular Florida, northeastern Virginia, eastern Maryland and Delaware. Synonymy: IIA4a. Bald Cypress Swamp, in part (Allard 1990) Bald Cypress Swamp, in part (Oberholster 1993) Bald Cypress Swamp, in part (Wieland 1994b) Cypress Swamp (Foti 1994b) Floodplain Swamp, in part (FNAI 1992a) Blackwater Stream Floodplain Forest, in part (Ambrose 1990a) Brownwater Stream Floodplain Forest, in part (Ambrose 1990a) Cypress swamp, in part (Evans 1991) Cypress/Cypress-Tupelo Swamp, in part (Smith 1996a) Cypress--Gum Swamp, Blackwater Subtype, in part (Schafale and Weakley 1990) Cypress--Gum Swamp, Brownwater Subtype, in part (Schafale and Weakley 1990) Taxodium distichum forest alliance (Hoagland 1998a) Bald Cypress - Tupelo Gum Swamp, in part (Nelson 1986) Mesotrophic Semipermanently Flooded Forest (Rawinski 1992) P1B3dI1a. Taxodium distichum (Foti et al. 1994) Baldcypress: 101, in part (Eyre 1980) Baldcypress / Ceratophyllum Semi-Permanently Flooded Swamps, in part (Turner et al. 1999) Comments: The vegetation of this alliance is relatively uncommon in the Midwest. Some confusion may be found with stands in the I.B.2.N.f Nyssa aquatica - (Taxodium distichum) Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance (A.345), especially where logging in Taxodium distichum semipermanently flooded forest stands may have reduced the dominance by Taxodium distichum. Examples in Arkansas include Pond Creek Bottoms (Sevier and Little River counties). This alliance is attributed to Congaree Swamp (NPS), but not to any association; alliance was not noted in TNC 1998b. Alliance Distribution Range: This alliance is found in southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. States: AL AR FL GA IL IN KY LA MO MS NC OK SC TN TX VA? USFS Ecoregions: 222A:C, 222C:C, 222D:C, 222G:C, 231B:C, 231E:C, 231F:C, 232B:C, 232C:C, 232D:C, 232E:C, 232F:C, 234A:C Federal Lands: DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Chickasaw, Congaree Swamp, Shiloh?); USFS (Angelina, Apalachicola, Conecuh, Davy Crockett, Delta?, De Soto, Holly Springs?, Homochitto?, Kisatchie, Ocala, Osceola, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis?, Tombigbee?, Tuskegee); USFWS (Chickasaw, Little River, Reelfoot) Alliance Sources References: Allard 1990, Ambrose 1990a, Conner and Day 1989, Devall 1991, Evans 1991, Eyre 1980, FNAI 1992a, FNAI 1992b, Faber-Langendoen et al. 1996, Faircloth 1971, Foti 1994b, Foti et al. 1994, Hoagland 1998a, Nelson 1985, Nelson 1986, Oberholster 1993, Rawinski 1992, Schafale and Weakley 1990, Smith 1996a, Turner et al. 1999, Wharton et al. 1982, Wieland 1994b Directory: library library -> Strategic Plan South Sudan Country Office Context library -> The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh Selected Letters library -> Ieee/iee electronic Library (iel) library -> [0] B. 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