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Environment Exts - Warming Impacts - Disease spread
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- Spread of infectious disease due to warming causes biodiversity loss and massive rates of extinction
- Global warming causes widespread infectious epidemics - leads to mass death and refugee crises
- Climate change increases disease severity and leads to population loss and extinction
Environment Exts - Warming Impacts - Disease spreadWarming leads to disease outbreak and spread - all humanity is at riskKhansis and Nettleman 05 (Atul and Mary, nationally-recognized experts in several areas, including epidemiologic and health outcomes research, “Global Warming and Infectious Disease”, Archives of Medical Research, p 689-696, 2005, http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd68/AKhasnis.pdf) SWOAP Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including infectious diseases. The effect of global warming depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. From the human standpoint, changes in the environment may trigger human migration, causing disease patterns to shift. Crop failures and famine may reduce host resistance to infections. Disease transmission may be enhanced through the scarcity and contamination of potable water sources. Importantly, significant economic and political stresses may damage the existing public health infrastructure, leaving mankind poorly prepared for unexpected epidemics. Global warming will certainly affect the abundance and distribution of disease vectors. Altitudes that are currently too cool to sustain vectors will become more conducive to them. Some vector populations may expand into new geographic areas, whereas others may disappear. Malaria, dengue, plague, and viruses causing encephalitic syndromes are among the many vector-borne diseases likely to be affected. Some models suggest that vector-borne diseases will become more common as the earth warms, although caution is needed in interpreting these predictions. Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. The outcome will also depend on our ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, and to commit resources to prevention and research. Spread of infectious disease due to warming causes biodiversity loss and massive rates of extinctionHarvell et al. 02 (C. Drew, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Charles E. Mitchell, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Jessica R. Ward, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University ¶ Sonia Altizer, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, ¶ Andrew P. Dobson, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University¶ Richard S. Ostfeld, nstitute of Ecosystem Studies¶ Michael D. Samuel, U.S. Geological Survey–National Wildlife Health Center, “Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota”, Science, Vol. 296 no. 5576, 6/21/02, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5576/2158.full) SWOAP Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact. Global warming causes widespread infectious epidemics - leads to mass death and refugee crisesAdair 12 (Kirsten, writer for Yale News, “Global warming may intensify disease”, Yale News, 4/11/12, http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/apr/11/global-warming-may-intensify-disease/) SWOAP The environmental changes wrought by global warming will undoubtedly result in major ecologic changes that will alter patterns and intensity of some infectious diseases,” said Gerald Friedland, professor of medicine and epidemiology and public health at the Yale School of Medicine. Global warming will likely cause major population upheavals, creating crowded slums of refugees, Friedland said. Not only do areas of high population density facilitate disease transmission, but their residents are more likely to be vulnerable to disease because of malnutrition and poverty, he said. This pattern of vulnerability holds for both tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, increasing the incidence of both the acquisition and spread of the diseases, he explained. He said these potential effects are not surprising, since tuberculosis epidemics historically have followed major population and environmental upheavals. By contrast, global warming may increase the infection rates of mosquito-borne diseases by creating a more mosquito-friendly habitat. Warming, and the floods associated with it, are likely to increase rates of both malaria and dengue, a debilitating viral disease found in tropical areas and transmitted by mosquito bites, said Maria Diuk-Wasser, assistant professor of epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health. Climate change increases disease severity and leads to population loss and extinctionHarvell et al. 02 (C. Drew, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Charles E. Mitchell, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Jessica R. Ward, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University ¶ Sonia Altizer, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, ¶ Andrew P. Dobson, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University¶ Richard S. Ostfeld, nstitute of Ecosystem Studies¶ Michael D. Samuel, U.S. Geological Survey–National Wildlife Health Center, “Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota”, Science, Vol. 296 no. 5576, 6/21/02, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5576/2158.full) SWOAP Links between climate change and disease will increase the severity of threats associated with climate warming. Increased disease can contribute to population or species declines, especially for generalist pathogens infecting multiple host species. The greatest impacts of disease may result from a relatively small number of emergent pathogens. Epidemics caused when these infect new hosts with little resistance or tolerance may lead to population declines, such as those that followed tree pathogen invasions in North America during the last century. Although we have emphasized threats of intensified parasitism, the loss of parasites can also affect biodiversity by releasing hosts from a major source of population regulation.¶ The most detectable effects of directional climate warming on disease relate to geographic range expansion of pathogens such as Rift Valley fever, dengue, and Eastern oyster disease. Factors other than climate change—such as changes in land use, vegetation, pollution, or increase in drug-resistant strains—may underlie these range expansions. Nonetheless, the numerous mechanisms linking climate warming and disease spread support the hypothesis that climate warming is contributing to ongoing range expansions . Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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