Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods

3.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods

This section identifies less toxic synthetic, as well as non-synthetic or ‘natural’ (extracts of naturally-occurring plants, spices, oils, fatty acids, induced resistance elicitors, minerals, microbes or microbial extracts) pesticide options for control of pests, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Many of these ‘natural’ pesticides can be toxic to humans, and several are even classified as RUPs due to environmental risks; thus safe pesticide use practices extend to these natural as well as synthetic (produced in laboratories or factories) pesticides.

Annex 5—the heart of this PERSUAP—contains numerous non-chemical control methods for every major pest of every USAID-supported crop in West Africa CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP programs. It is the intent of this PERSUAP that USAID projects dealing with agriculture use this valuable resource, which compiles all known IPM tools and tactics for each pest of each crop. It can be considered as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for translation into local languages, lamination, and distribution to farm input supply companies to help advise farmers at point-of-purchase.
Issue: Natural pest controls availability

Natural chemicals: Many non-synthetic chemical IPM tools and technologies are listed in Annexes 3 and 4. The list of natural pesticides likely entering West Africa CORAF/WECARD is not very extensive compared with other emerging market countries.

In general, most synthetic nematicides and soil pesticides/fumigants are very highly toxic. However, there are some companies producing next-generation natural chemicals in the USA: Bio Huma Netics, http://www.bhn.namefor natural nematicides and Agra Quest, http://www.agraquest.com for bioactive essential oils.

For commercial operations, especially greenhouses, biological controls and beneficial organisms are available commercially from two large international companies, Koppert of Holland and Biobest of Belgium. Koppert provides many biological controls against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of pesticides on biological organisms, at http://www.koppert.com.

Biobest of Belgium provides many of the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leafhoppers. Their website is: http://www.biobest.be. These are especially useful for greenhouse and seedling production systems. Both companies also sell live bumblebees for greenhouse pollination assistance.

Safer use Measures/Mitigation

• 
  As appropriate, USAID projects will promote low-risk preventive and natural chemical pest controls that are found in Annexes 3, 4 and 5 of this PERSUAP, including incorporating these controls in the pest management plans (PMPs) developed under this PERSUAP.
  

3.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use, and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide

This section examines the host country’s existing infrastructure and human resources for managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is inadequate, the proposed action – use of pesticides – could result in greater risk to human health and the environment.

The Ministries of Agriculture in each of the CORAF/WECARD countries have research, extension and enforcement services; however all are lacking sufficient funds to operate well.

Issue: Limited resources to control pesticides

Most CORAF/WECARD countries do have systems for the registration and regulation of the import, sale and use of pesticides. However, their ability to cover the country and eliminate banned or highly toxic chemicals is limited due to limited resources. The lists of registered pesticides contain some very highly toxic chemicals that should not be handled by illiterate, untrained, unprotected and often unaware small-holder farmers like those found throughout CORAF/WECARD countries. Most farmers do not have access to and cannot afford PPE in order to follow GAPs.

“Leaky” CORAF/WECARD country border crossings could be likely sources of pesticides that are not registered in CORAF/WECARD countries. Some PIC chemicals have been found in formal and informal markets in the region, as have some POPs chemicals.

Most West African farmers retain old empty and partially-full plastic pesticide containers. Before disposal, the standard practice has been to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use pesticide sachets can lead to the formation of toxic furans and dioxins, and is not recommended. GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed over a pesticide soak pit with layered soil, lime and carbon, or a bio-active pit, and then properly stored in plastic drums in the field or storage shed, to await disposal or recycling. There are no pesticide container recycling activities occurring anywhere in Africa. The website http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm provides pesticide disposal options.

• 
  Absolutely no POPs or PIC chemicals will be used or supported on USAID projects. This includes but is not limited to, the following chemical encountered in West Africa CORAF/WECARD: endosulfan (added in 2011 as a POPs chemical). No such AI is included in the allowed pesticides list. (See Section 4: Safer Use Action Plan.)
  
• 
  Where alternatives (Classes III and IV/U) exist, do not recommend or use EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II pesticide products on USAID projects, unless the USAID project can verify that producers and laborers (pesticide applicators) properly and consistently utilize PPE as recommended by the pesticide label and MSDS.
  
• 
  PMPs and field extension will give preference to the use of Class III and IV/U pesticide alternatives, which exist in large numbers in farm stores visited.
  
• 
  For all project commercial farms supported by USAID, encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is sought.
  
• 
  If the West Africa CORAF/WECARD pesticide container recycling facility is brought on-line during the life of the project, USAID should encourage its use.
  

3.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators

USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in emerging market countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

Issue: Farmers need intensive and repeated training

Training in Safe Pesticide Use and GAP/IPM are of paramount importance for USAID project beneficiary farmers and farm laborers using pesticides. Donors have been providing such training. Additional and refresher trainings are superb means for effecting beneficiary farmer behavioral change, now especially, as they expand their agricultural opportunities, and before risky behaviors become set.

Safer Use/Mitigation Actions

• 
  USAID projects will implement IPM and Pesticide Safer Use training for all relevant project staff and beneficiaries, training all target individuals within 6 months and providing short annual refresher training thereafter.
  
• 
  Wherever relevant, USAID projects will provide training to project staff, and beneficiary farmers and extension agents on the crop-specific, IPM-based pest management plans required by this PERSUAP. Simple crop/pest cycle handouts for farmers should be introduced in these trainings and used in field extension.
  
• 
  Recommendation: USAID projects develop and deliver a course to train trainers in GlobalGAP to compliant procedures and to work with the MOA on chemical registration, storage, and disposal issues.
  
• 
  USAID projects conduct farmer-training programs on monitoring and data record keeping techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness.
  

3.12 Factor L: Provision Made For Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide

Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.

Record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used and what they were used for with notes on efficacy. Records of training received are also important to keep, if GlobalGAP standardization or certification will be sought. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for USAID beneficiary producer. Records of farmers will need to make note of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

Issue: USAID beneficiaries and farm record keeping

On USAID project demonstration farms, pesticide use documentation is available sporadically and not retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record keeping will allow seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production, maintenance of safety equipment, and so on. The following aspects should be included in the record keeping system, for a USAID-funded program:

• 
  Local regulatory compliance: A list of country laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the law, dates the laws come into or exit force and MRLs for each crop-pesticide combination.
  
• 
  A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are registered. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.
  
• 
  GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 5): USAID agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.
  
• 
  PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.
  
• 
  Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by farmers.
  
• 
  Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record keeping system (for example; precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so on).
  
• 
  Information should be transmitted at least annually and USAID should report to USAID on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.
  

Issue: Monitoring by USAID field staff and beneficiary farmers should detect:

• 
  Resistance: Pesticide resistance development among pests has likely occurred and could eventually occur more, and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer works as it once did.
  
• 
  Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues.
  
• 
  Farm animal and livestock deaths.
  
• 
  Any incidences of water pollution.
  
• 
  Fish, bird, wildlife or honeybee kills.
  

Any of the above items should be reported immediately to USAID. Other information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID, and USAID should report on this progress in pesticide environmental and human health safety in annual reports.

Issue: USAID Planning and Reporting

Several issues could receive even more attention in USAID annual work plans and annual reports. These include a section on Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices, with subsections (and issues) on:

• 
  Country and EPA regulation compliance (documents and enforcement status, risk, pollution, mitigation)
  
• 
  GAPs/IPM measures tried/used and on what percent of project farms
  
• 
  Biodiversity and conservation (soil, water, energy, protected habitats, biodiversity and protected species) measures used on what percent of farms
  
• 
  Inputs and PPE use and issues (types, amounts and issues with products, sprayers, MRLs, REIs, PHIs, MSDSs)
  
• 
  Training/capacity building in IPM and Safe Use (hands-on, demos, sessions, meetings, extension, flyers, brochures, pamphlets, posters, crop technical GAP information sheets, and radio and TV outreach/safety message enforcement)
  

• 
  Using Annex 10, USAID project staff should put brief plans for monitoring the environmental and human health impact of production activities, incorporating recommendations found in this PERSUAP into the Annual Action Plans.
  
• 
  USAID staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly and Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices”.
  
• 
  USAID projects COR, MEO and REA, at least two times annually, make auditory visits to several randomly selected farms receiving assistance through the USAID project and check for non-compliance with the recommendations on pesticides and IPM found in this PERSUAP.
  

SECTION 4: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)OR EMMP

4.1 Introduction

This Safe Use Action Plan, which is the same as an EMMP, is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is synthesized from the PER analysis:

• 
  Section 4.2, immediately below, lists allowed (as well as rejected) pesticides.
  
• 
  Section 4.3 establishes USAID’s and IP’s field monitoring requirements for compliance with safer use conditions
  
• 
  Section 4.4 summarizes the safer use conditions attendant to use/support of these pesticides.
  
• 
  These conditions are then detailed in the attached mandatory template(Annex 12) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance.
  

Definition of Pesticide “Use”
Pesticide “use” by any USAID West Africa project, including CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP, was defined and agreed upon at the outset of this PERSUAP study as including:

• 
  Promotion during project training,
  
• 
  Use on project demonstration farms,
  
• 
  Procurement directly by project for beneficiaries or spray services, or
  
• 
  Subsidization or financing by the project through sub-grantees or credit agreements.
  

Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP/EMMP template (Annex 12) to its AOR/COR by April 30, 2014 and provide an annual update thereafter.

4.2Allowed Pesticides

Synthesizing across the PER analysis, ONLY the below-listed pesticides (active ingredients) on the left side of this page are permitted for use/support in USAID/West Africa CORAF/WECARD Sustainable Economic Growth projects. For reference, AIs considered, but REJECTED are also listed. The pesticide AIs on the right side of this page have been rejected by this PERSUAP.

Table 4: SUAP Allowed and Rejected Pesticide AIs, by country or registration system

Allowed Fumigant AIs (with strict conditions) all countries

aluminum phosphide for stored grains (for use only by trained and certified applicators, not farmers; see Fumigation PEA) magnesium phosphide for stored grains (for use only by trained and certified applicators, not farmers; see Fumigation PEA)

Allowed Miticide AIs registered by INSAH-Harmonized Registration		Rejected Miticide AIs registered by INSAH-Harmonized Registration and considered but Rejected for “Use” by USAID Projects
abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) amitraz		tetradifon (not EPA registered)

Allowed Insecticide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration		Rejected Insecticide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration, and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF & WASP Projects
abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) azadirachtin/neem seed extract Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus thuringiensis/BT bifenthrin (use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations) deltamethrin (use care around water) diflubenzuron (use formulations less than 25%) emamectin benzoate (registered for use for household cockroach bait) fenothrin/phenothrin (use care around water) flubendiamide fludioxonil/fludioxonyl imidacloprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) indoxacarb, S isomer lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) lufenuron malathion Metarhizium flavoviride anisoplae novaluron permethrin pyrimiphos methyl spinetoram spinosad spirotetramat Tagetes oil tetramethrin thiamethoxam (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) thyme oil zeta-cypermethrin (use only non-RUP products) Allowed Insecticide AIs registered by Benin abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) beta cyfluthrin (use formulations 10% and below) beta cypermethrin (use all but 2.5EC formulations) bifenthrin (use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations) cyfluthrin (use only acute toxicity Class III products; not Class II) deltamethrin (use care around water) flubendiamide imidacloprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) indoxacarb, S isomer lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) malathion novaluron pyrimiphos methyl spinetoram spinosad spirotetramat Allowed Insecticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire acephate acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) Bacillus thuringiensis/BT bifenthrin (use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations) chlorantraniliprole/rynaxypyr deltamethrin (use care around water) ethofenprox imidacloprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) malathion permethrin pyrimiphos methyl propoxur spinosad thiamethoxam (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) Allowed Insecticide AIs registered by Ghana abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) acephate acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus thuringiensis/BT bifenthrin (use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not for agricultural use; for uses except spraying for household pests, favor the use of granular formulations for soil pests) dimethoate imidacloprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) malathion Metarhizium anisopliae novaluron oxamyl (use only non-RUP Class II granular formulations) permethrin pyrimiphos methyl pyrethrum sulfur/sulphur tetramethrin thiamethoxam (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) Allowed Insecticide AIs registered by Togo abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) beta cypermethrin (use all but 2.5EC formulations) coconut oil chlorpyrifos methyl cyfluthrin (use only acute toxicity Class III products; not Class II) deltamethrin (use care around water) dimethoate fenpropathrin (use only non-RUP products) flubendiamide imidacloprid indoxacarb, S isomer lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) malathion soybean oil spinosad spirotetramat Allowed Miticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire abamectin/avermectin (use only formulations below 1.9%) acetamiprid (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) acequinocyl dimethoate lambda cyhalothrin (use only formulations 10% and below) Allowed Molluscicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire metaldehyde Allowed Nematicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire oxamyl (use only non-RUP Class II granular formulations) Allowed Rodenticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire chlorophacinone difethialone zinc phosphide (only in concentrations of 2% and lower, which are EPA acute toxicity Class III) Allowed Rodenticide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration brodifacoum (products sold as bait traps only, not just bait) Allowed Fungicide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration azoxystrobin copper sulfate (pentahydrate) (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) iprodione mancozeb metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam) myclobutanil thiram/TMTD Allowed Fungicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire mancozeb thiram/TMTD Allowed Fungicide AIs registered by Ghana azoxystrobin captan (likely carcinogen at higher doses, so use PPE) copper-fixed or tribasic copper sulfate (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) copper (cupric) oxide (CuO) (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) copper (cupric) hydroxide (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) cuprous oxide (Cu2O) (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) difenoconazole folpet (likely carcinogen at higher doses, so use PPE) fosetyl aluminum mancozeb metalaxyl propiconazole sulfur (sulphur, hydrogen sulfide) thiophanate methyl triadimenol (on pre-treated seed for maize only; not for sorghum seed) Trichoderma asperellum Allowed Fungicide AIs registered by Togo copper oxychloride fosetyl aluminum sulfur (sulphur, hydrogen sulfide) thiophanate methyl Allowed Herbicide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration 2 4 D (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) 2 4 D amine (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) acetochlor (use non-RUP formulations) bensulfuron bensulfuron methyl clethodim clomazone diuron (known water pollutant, use care around open water) fluazifop-P-butyl fluometuron glyphosate hexazinone (known water pollutant, use care around open water) isoxaflutole (likely carcinogen, use PPE) mesotrione metolachlor (known water pollutant, use care around open water) nicosulfuron orthosulfamuron oxadiazon pendimethalin penoxysulam/penoxsulam prometryn propanil terbuthylazine thiobencarbe/benthiocarb triclopyr trifloxysulfuron sodium Allowed Herbicide AIs registered by Ghana 2 4 D amine (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) 2 4 D amine salt (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) bensulfuron methyl bentazon bispyribac-sodium bromacil (known water pollutant, use care around open water) diuron (known water pollutant, use care around open water) fluazifop-P-butyl gibberellic acid glyphosate imazapyr/imazapir mesotrione metolachlor (known water pollutant, use care around open water) nicosulfuron oxyfluorfen pendimethalin propanil terbuthylazine triclopyr Allowed Herbicide AIs registered by Benin 2 4 D (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) 2 4 D dimethylamine salt (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) clethodim flumetralin fluometuron glyphosate isoxaflutole (likely carcinogen, use PPE) metolachlor (known water pollutant, use care around open water) nicosulfuron pendimethalin prometryn/prometrine propanil pyraflufen-ethyl (likely carcinogen, use PPE) triclopyr Allowed Herbicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire 2 4 D amine salt (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) 2 4 D dimethylamine salt (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) 2 4 D isooctyl ester (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) acetochlor (use non-RUP formulations) ametryne/amethrin amicarbazone bentazon/bendioxide bispyribac-sodium clomazone diuron (known water pollutant, use care around open water) fluometuron fluroxypyr glyphosate isoxaflutole (likely carcinogen, use PPE) mesotrione metolachlor (known water pollutant, use care around open water) metsulfuron-methyl nicosulfuron oxadiazon pendimethalin penoxysulam propanil saflufenacil terbuthylazine thiobencarbe/benthiocarb triclopyr Allowed Herbicide AIs registered by Togo 2 4 D dimethylamine salt (use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I) ametryne/amethrin diuron (known water pollutant, use care around open water) fluometuron glyphosate isoxaflutole (likely carcinogen, use PPE) mesotrione metolachlor (known water pollutant, use care around open water) nicosulfuron prometryn propanil terbuthylazine triclopyr trifloxysulfuron sodium		allethrin (not EPA registered) alpha-cypermethrin RUP) bendiocarb/benthiocarb (not EPA registered) cartap hydrochloride (not EPA registered) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not registered for agricultural spraying) cyantraniliprole (not EPA registered) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) fenitrothion profenofos (RUP) teflubenzuron (not EPA registered) Rejected Insecticide AIs registered by Benin and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects alpha-cypermethrin (RUP) carbosulfan (not EPA registered) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not registered for agricultural spraying) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) emamectin benzoate (EPA RUP for all horticultural products) fenitrothion (not registered by EPA for agricultural use) profenofos (RUP) triazophos (not EPA registered) Rejected Insecticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects allethrin/bio-allethrin (not EPA registered) alpha-cypermethrin (RUP) carbofuran (EPA has revoked tolerances; cancellation in progress ) carbosulfan (not EPA registered) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not EPA registered for agricultural spraying) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) fenitrothion (not registered by EPA for agricultural use) fipronil (not registered by EPA for agricultural use) iodofenphos (not EPA registered) triazophos (not EPA registered) Rejected Insecticide AIs registered by Ghana and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects allethrin/bio-allethrin (not EPA registered) alpha-cypermethrin (RUP) cadusafos (not EPA registered) carbofuran (EPA has revoked tolerances; cancellation in progress) carbosulfan (not EPA registered) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not EPA registered for agricultural spraying) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) diazinon (not registered for agricultural spraying) emamectin benzoate (EPA RUP for all horticultural products) fenitrothion fenvalerate (not EPA registered) fipronil (not registered by EPA for agricultural use) profenofos (RUP) temephos (no EPA registered crop uses; cancellation in progress) thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate (not EPA registered) Rejected Insecticide AIs registered by Togo and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects alpha-cypermethrin (RUP) chlorpyrifos-ethyl (not EPA registered for agricultural spraying) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) endosulfan (POPs list) methyl parathion (RUP, Class I) profenofos (RUP) triazophos (not EPA registered) Rejected Miticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects acrinathrin(not EPA registered) carbofuran (EPA has revoked tolerances; cancellation in progress) cypermethrin (registered USA for medical, veterinary and household use, not agriculture) triazophos(not EPA registered) Rejected Molluscicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire thiodicarb (More hazardous than metaldehyde) Rejected Nematicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects carbofuran (EPA has revoked tolerances; cancellation in progress) ethoprophos (RUP) Rejected Rodenticide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects None Rejected Rodenticide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects None Rejected Fungicide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects pencycuron (not EPA registered) Rejected Fungicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects pencycuron (not EPA registered) Rejected Fungicide AIs registered by Ghana and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects carbendazim (EPA registered uses are not for food crops) dichlofluanid (not EPA registered) fenpropimorph (not EPA registered) maneb (registrations cancelled by EPA) Rejected Fungicide AIs registered by Togo and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects pencycuron (not EPA registered) Rejected Herbicide AIs INSAH-Harmonized Registration and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects aclonifen (not EPA registered) cycloxydim (not EPA registered) haloxyfop-R-methyl(not EPA registered) S-metolachlor (only “metolachlor” is registered by EPA) oxadiargyl (not EPA registered) pretilachlor (not EPA registered) propaquizafop (not EPA registered) pyribenzoxime (not EPA registered) terbutryne (not EPA registered) Rejected Herbicide AIs registered by Ghana and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects 2 4 D isobutylate (not EPA registered) butachlor (not EPA registered) cycloxydim (not EPA registered) ethephon (Class I, too toxic) haloxyfop (not EPA registered) paraquat (dichloride) (RUP) propaquizafop (not EPA registered) Rejected Herbicide AIs registered by Benin and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects aclonifen(not EPA registered) haloxyfop-R-methyl(not EPA registered) haloxyfop R methyl ester(not EPA registered) oxadiargyl(not EPA registered) prosuler (psoralen)(not EPA registered) terbutryne (not EPA registered) Rejected Herbicide AIs registered by Côte d’Ivoire and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects aclonifen(not EPA registered) alachlor (all products RUP) atrazine (known water pollutant) cyanazine(not EPA registered) cyclosulfuramon(not EPA registered) haloxyfop-R-methyl(not EPA registered) S-metolachlor (only “metolachlor” is registered by EPA) piperofos (not EPA registered) pretilachlor (not EPA registered) propisochlor(not EPA registered) pyrazosulfuron-ethyl(not EPA registered) pyribenzoxime (not EPA registered) terbutryne (not EPA registered) Rejected Herbicide AIs registered by Togo and considered but Rejected for “Use” by CORAF/WECARD FTF and WASP Projects aclonifen(not EPA registered) alachlor (all products RUP) atrazine (known water pollutant) S-metolachlor (only “metolachlor” is registered by EPA) oxadiargyl (not EPA registered) pretilachlor (not EPA registered) pyribenzoxime (not EPA registered)

Directory: repository -> doc
doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation
doc -> Cancun convention & visitors bureau trends and Economy Report – September 2009
repository -> 8th grade English Language Department Taldykorgan Tasks for Olympiad 8
doc -> Republic of Kosovo Government Ministry of Economic Development
doc -> Reporte inteligenicia
doc -> Initial environmental examination (iee) and/or categorical exclusion
doc -> Aflasafe™ pea amendment for usaid/East Africa February 2015
doc -> Initial environmental examination program/activity data: Program/Activity Number
doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation

Download 5.7 Mb.

Share with your friends: