Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (persuap)
Annex 6. Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications
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- Annex 7: PERSUAP Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered in West Africa CORAF/WECARD
Annex 6. Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO ClassificationsGeneral Toxicity Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant). EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems. a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)
1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation 2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)
Annex 7: PERSUAP Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered in West Africa CORAF/WECARDIntroduction to Annex 7 Annex 7 below compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) registered for use in West Africa CORAF/WECARD, and proposed for imminent registration. Project decision-makers—especially those who interface at the field level with beneficiary farmers—are encouraged to look at the label of potential pesticide choices to determine the AIs contained in them and then use this Annex as a quick reference guide to attributes and issues with each chemical. The pesticide attributes include pesticide class (to manage resistance by rotating chemicals from different classes), EPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status (to comply with Regulation 216) and acute toxicity (judged by this document to be safe, or not, for smallholder farmers—most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use). Annex 7 also presents chronic health issues, water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms. Further, Annex 7 contains basic pieces of human safety and environmental data needed for the various analyses required throughout the PER; ergo it is referred to throughout this document. And it provides data used to produce the project-critical information contained in Annexes 8 and 9. Thus, this PERSUAP provides useful tools for evaluating and choosing among IPM options, including natural and synthetic pesticides, while adhering to 22 CFR 216, as well as aiming at the market-driven best practices found in Standards and Certification (S&C) systems—the highest international standards available. See Annex 7 Matrix, below. Key to matrix: Red shading color: Do not promote products containing AIs shaded in red strikethrough color on USAID-supported farms or wood processing Green shading color: Can be promoted on USAID-supported farms Yellow shading color: Some products accepted; some products rejected RUP: Few = one or two products; Some = a third of products; Most/All =most or all products WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; LC = Likely Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Risk of Parkinson’s Ecotoxicity: NAT = Not Acutely Toxic; PNT = Practically Not Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; VHT = Very Highly Toxic References used to find pieces of data contained in Annex 7: See references at the end of the report INSAH Homologized Pesticide Member Countries: Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina, Niger, and Chad.
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