Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (persuap)
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- 2.2 USAID West Africa CORAF/WECARD Projects Backgrounds
- Table 2: CORAF FTF country and crop coverage
2.1 Countries BackgroundBenin5 Benin is situated between Togo on the west, Nigeria on the east, Burkina-Faso and Niger to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Benin’s boundary with Niger is defined by the Niger River, the most important waterway in the region. Benin covers a land area of about 112,622 km2. With the exception of a few isolated peaks, Benin is flat and lies below 600 meters. Its most prominent topographic feature, and origin of the Pendjari River, is the Atacora Highlands, which traverse the northwestern portion of the country on a northeasterly direction. The highest peaks are also found in the northwestern region near the border with Togo, the highest being Mount Sagabarao at 658 meters above sea level (MASL). Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons per year. Average annual precipitation ranges from 1,300 mm in the extreme southeast and the relatively elevated areas between the 10° and 11° north parallels, to 900 mm in the extreme north of the country (Exhibit 1). Rainfall distribution, perhaps as important asaverage precipitation as a determinant of agricultural potential, changes as one moves north from the coast. In the southern sixth of the country, precipitation is concentrated in two wet seasons: along one from March through July and a shorter one from September through November. These are separated by a short (August) and long (December through March) dry season. Precipitation assumes a unimodal distribution pattern as one moves inland, becoming most evenly distributed throughout the year at about 8° latitude. North of this line, the wet season tends to get progressively concentrated between the months of May and October, to the point where, in the northern third of the country, a protracted November to May dry season limits crop production to those that have irrigation water. The economy of Benin is dependent on subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade. Agriculture employs 75% of the population. Cotton accounts for 40 percent of GDP. In addition to cotton, agricultural crops and products include maize, cassava, yams, beans, palm oil, peanuts, cashews and livestock. Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country, bordered by Mali in the north and west, Niger in the East, and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire in the south. Burkina Faso covers a land area of 274,200 km2. The majority of Burkina lies on a savanna plateau, 200-300 MASL, and is generally characterized by a tropical climate of the Sudanese and Sahelian categories, with a long dry season from October to April, and a short rainy season from May to September. The arid Sahelian zone covers the northern part of the country, and has an annual rainfall that does not exceed 350-500 mm in most areas. The Sudanese zone is less arid and covers the southern part of the country, receiving annual rainfall that varies from 700 mm to 1200 mm. The majority of Burkinabè streams are seasonal, with only the Mouhoun, the Comoé, and the Pendjari having perennial flows. Major seasonal streams include the Nazinon, the Nakambé, and the Sirba. Other perennial bodies of water include Bam and Dem lakes, Mare aux Hippopotames, the Oursi Pond, and the artificial lakes of Kompienga, Bagré, and Ziga. Since 2006, the latter has particularly been serving as a major supplementary source of drinking water for Ouagadougou and its surrounding localities. Burkina Faso’s economy is dominated by subsistence agriculture in which 90 % of the population engages (accounting for 37 % of GDP). Principle crops include sorghum, millet, maize, rice, cowpea, groundnuts, sesame, cassava, Irish potatoes and sweet potatoes. Cash crops include cotton, tobacco and sugarcane. Cote d’Ivoire6 Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa and is shaped like a square. It is surrounded on the southern border by coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations as follows: Liberiato the southwest, Guinea to the northwest, Mali to the north-northwest, Burkina Faso to the north-northeast, and Ghana to the east. Ivory Coast comprises 322,460 km2. The climate of Ivory Coast is generally warm and humid, ranging from equatorial in the southern coasts to tropical in the middle and semiarid in the far north. There are three seasons: warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), and hot and wet (June to October). Temperatures average between 25 and 32 °C and range from 10 to 40 °C. Eight percent of the country is arable land. Agriculture contributes 28% to GDP, and employs over 50% of the labor force. Ivory Coast is the world's largest producer of cocoa, a major national cash crop. Other chief crops include coffee, cashews, bananas, and oil palm trees, which produce palm oil and palm kernels. Ghana Including inland water bodies, like the very large Volta Lake, Ghana covers 238,539 km2 and is located on the south central coast of West Africa. The country shares borders in the east with Togo; in the north with Burkina Faso; and in the west with Cote d’Ivoire. Most of Ghana lies below 600 m; less than 10% of the land is above 300 m, few places have elevations above 1000 m (http://www.fao.org/ag/agL/swlwpnr/reports/rc_codes.htm). The lowest areas are the middle Volta Basin and along the coast. Generally, rainfall decreases and temperature increases from the rain forest zone in the south to the savanna zone in the north. By far the most important climatic factor influencing vegetation in Ghana is rainfall. The wet evergreen forest lies within the wettest part of the country and receives a mean annual rainfall over 2,000 mm. The drier forest areas receive between 1,000 and 1,500 mm, whereas in the northern savanna annual rainfall ranges between 800 and 1,000 mm. The amount of rainfall however, varies within the vegetation zones owing to the local effect of relief. The driest area of the country is the coastal savanna, where the total annual rainfall ranges between 600 and 800 mm. Over the whole country the mean monthly temperature is about 25oC. Although temperatures are uniformly moderate, there are important variations over different parts of the country as a result of altitudinal variations in the landscape and distance from the sea. In the coastal areas, due to the modifying influence of the sea, the annual difference between the maximum and the minimum monthly temperature is about 5o-6oC. On the other hand, much farther inland, the difference is between 7o-9oC. Diurnal temperature ranges are more significant than the monthly ranges. In the forested zones of the south the mean diurnal range is still moderate, but in the northern savannas the difference may be as much as 14o-20oC, especially during the Harmattan season. There are six broad physiographic regions: the coastal plains, the Buem-Togo ranges, the forest dissected plateau, the southern Voltaian plateau, the savanna high plains, and the Gambaga escarpment. Agriculture in Ghana accounts for about 25% of GDP and employs over 60% of the workforce. Primary crops include cocoa, rice, maize, cassava, peanuts, shea nuts, bananas and timber. Liberia7 Liberia is situated between Sierra Leone and Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east and south, and contains a fragmented band of forest known as the “Upper Guinean Forest”. The climax vegetation over most of Liberia is forest, and forests cover about 45% (4.39M ha) of Liberia‘s total land area is 111,370 km2.
Mali is a vast land‑locked country with a land area of 1,241,000 km2. It is bordered by Burkina Faso and Ghana to the south, Niger to the east, Senegal and Guinea to the west, and Mauritania and Algeria to the north. It is subdivided into four main bioclimatic zones presenting a wide range of agro‑ecological environments going from the Saharan arid climate in the North to the humid climate in the South. The country is largely dependent on climatic conditions and more particularly the rainfall. The rainfall is irregular in space and time and varies from less than 100 mm in the North to more than 1,200 mm in the South. The country is endowed with considerable natural resources. Two rivers cross it, the River Senegal in the west, with a national basin of 155,000 km2 and the River Niger with a national basin of 300,000 km2. Mali has 30 M ha of arable lands and a potential of 185,000 irrigable ha; soils with a low level of average fertility with deficiency in phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, and a high sensitivity to wind and/or water erosion which is more pronounced in the North. The economy rests essentially on the agro‑sylvo‑pastoral sector which employs nearly 80% of the population and accounts for more than 40% of GDP, and accounts for three fourths of exports. This natural resource-based sector will continue to play a role of driving force in the economic development of the country and despite the low agricultural and animal productivities. Primary crops and livestock include cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, and goats. Niger Niger is a land‑locked country with a land area of 1,267,000 km2. It is surrounded by seven other countries, with Nigeria to the south, Chad to the east, Algeria to the north-northwest, and Mali to the west. Niger also has short borders in its far southwest frontier with Burkina Faso and Benin, and to the north-northeast Libya. Niger's climate is largely hot and dry, with much desert area in the north. Niger receives most of its rain between June and September, and rainfall totals of more than 500 mm during this season typically provide enough water for crops and livestock. Only 15% of Niger’s land is arable, and that is mostly located along the southern border with Nigeria. In this extreme south, there is a sub-tropical climate along the edges of the Niger River Basin. The terrain further north is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes, with flat to rolling plains to the south and hills in the north. Agricultural land in Niger is used as arable, especially near water sources, and as pasture. There are some forests and woodland in the south and around desert wadis (oases). Recurring droughts are a challenge in Niger. The 2012 Sahel drought, which led to failed crops, increases in insect plagues, high food prices and conflicts still affects Niger, and has led to an acute food shortage. Agriculture in Niger accounts for 40% of GDP and employs over 90% of the workforce. Primary crops and livestock include cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, poultry. Nigeria8 Nigeria is bordered by Benin on the west, Chad and Cameroon on the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. The total area of Nigeria is 923,768 km², with water composing 13,000 km². Like the rest of coastal West Africa, the southern region of Nigeria experiences two rainy seasons. The first rainy season begins in March and lasts to the end of July with a peak in June, this rainy season is followed by a short dry break in August known as the August Break, lasting for two to three weeks. This dry spell is followed by the short rainy season starting in early September and lasting to Mid October with a peak period at the end of September. This second longer dry spell starts in late October and lasts till early March with peak dry conditions between early December and late February. Northern Nigeria has a Savannah climate with one long rainy season from May to mid-November followed by a long dry season. The southeast Nigerian coast, just east of Calabar, mean annual rainfall is more than 4,000 millimeters. The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and 3,000 millimeters of rain per year, and the southwest receives between 1,250 and 2,500 millimeters per year. Mean annual precipitation at Lagos is about 1,900 millimeters; at Ibadan in the middle of the country, mean annual rainfall drops to around 1,250 millimeters. Moving north from Ibadan, mean annual rainfall in the west is in the range of 1,200 to 1,300 millimeters. North of Kaduna the total rainfall and the length of the rainy season decline steadily. Rainy seasons decline correspondingly in length as one moves north, with Kano in the north having an average annual rainfall in the range of 500 to 750 millimeters. Eighty-two million hectares out of Nigeria's total land area of about 91 million hectares are arable, although only 42 percent of the cultivable area is farmed. Much of this land is farmed under the bush fallow system, whereby land is left idle for a period of time to allow natural regeneration of soil fertility. Eighteen million hectares are classified as permanent pasture, but have the potential to support crops. Agriculture in Nigeria provides employment for 70% of the population. The sector is being transformed by commercialization at the small, medium and large-scale enterprise levels. Major subsistence crops include maize, millets, sorghum, rice, beans, groundnuts, soybeans, cassava, melons, plantains, and yams. Commercial crops include cocoa beans, rubber, cashew nuts, palm kernels and oil, kola nut and gum Arabic. Senegal9 Senegal is a coastal nation located 14 degrees north of the Equator and 14 ° west of the Prime Meridian. The country's total area is 196,190 km² of which 192,000 km² is land and 4,190 km² is water. Senegal is on the North Atlantic Ocean. The nation's longest border is with Mauritania to the north, along the Senegal River. To the east is Mali. To the south are Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, both borders running along the Casamance River. Senegal has a near-enclave within its borders—the small nation of The Gambia in the interior. Most of Senegal lies within the drought-prone Sahel region, with irregular rainfall and generally poor soils. With only about 5 % of the land irrigated, Senegal continues to rely on rain-fed agriculture, which occupies about 75 % of the workforce. Despite a relatively wide variety of agricultural production, the majority of farmers produce for subsistence needs. Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm occurs between June and October. Rainfall decreases to the north and increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm annually in some areas. Production is subject to drought and threats of pests such as locusts, quelea birds, fruit flies and white flies. Millet, rice, maize and sorghum are the primary food crops grown in Senegal. Senegal is a net food importer, particularly for rice, which represents almost 75 % of cereal imports. Peanuts, sugarcane and cotton are important cash crops, and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are grown for local and export markets. In 2006 gum Arabic became the leading agricultural export. Green beans, industrial tomato, cherry tomato, melons and mangos are Senegal's main vegetable cash crops. The Casamance region, isolated from the rest of Senegal by Gambia, is an important agriculture producing area, but without the infrastructure or transportation links to improve its capacity. Sierra Leone10 The country has a total area of 71,740 km2, divided into a land area of 71,620 km2 and water of 120 km2.The country has four distinct geographical regions: coastal with the Guinean mangroves, the wooded hill country, an upland plateau, and the eastern mountains. Eastern Sierra Leone is an interior region of large plateaus interspersed with high mountains. Like much of West Africa, Sierra Leone’s climate is transitional between a continually wet tropical rainforest and tropical savannah. There are two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the rainy season from May to November, and a dry season from December to May, which includes Harmattan, when cool, dry winds blow in off the Sahara Desert and the night-time temperature can be as low as 16 °C. The average temperature is 26 °C and varies from around 26 °C to 36 °C during the year. Average rainfall is highest at the coast, 3000–5000 mm per year, moving inland this decreases and at the eastern border of the country the average rainfall is 2000-2500mm. Agriculture is a significant part of the economy of Sierra Leone the with it accounting for 58 % national GDP in 2007. Two-thirds of the population of Sierra Leone are involved in subsistence agriculture. The agricultural sector grew by about 14 % in 2007, led by crops, and 5 % in 2008. Rice is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone with 85 % of farmers cultivating rice during the rainy season and an annual consumption of 76 kg per person. The second staple food grown across the country is cassava with an annual yield of 350,000t. The main areas of production are in the south-west, central and far north. Common livestock produced are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry (chickens, some Guinea Fowl and ducks). Togo Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a long thin coastal West African country adjacent to Ghana and Benin on either side, and Burkina Faso to the north. Togo has a total area of 56,785 km2. Approximately 17 % of Togo is forested, of which about 90 % (3,480 km2) is natural forest and 10 % (380 km2) is plantation. Terrain is diverse, with five ecological zones that include mountains, savannah, rainforest and coastal areas. The climate is tropical, with annual rainfalls of 800 in the Savannah north to 1600 mm nearer the coast. Togo is an agriculturally based society, with the majority of the population employed in subsistence agriculture and small cash crops. Commercial crops include coffee, cocoa and cotton. Despite insufficient rainfall in some areas, especially in the north, Togo has achieved its goal of self-sufficiency in food crops of maize, sorghum, pearl millet, cassava, yams and groundnuts. 2.2 USAID West Africa CORAF/WECARD Projects BackgroundsFeed the Future (FTF) CORAF/WECARD FTF’s main goal is to increase food security and decrease hunger through agriculture-led growth and inclusive market access by smallholder farmers. The project will improve smallholder productivity, expand markets and trade, and increase private sector investment in agriculture-related activities. Applying both “push” and “pull” interventions to create a pathway out of poverty for smallholders, CORAF/WECARD FTF will increase productivity and efficiency, promote private enterprise and investment, and ensure that women and vulnerable groups benefit equitably. The project will pursue a facilitative approach that emphasizes partnering with local and private sector entities so value chain actors can sustainably pursue market opportunities. This will include dedicating an Innovation, Investment and Partnership (IIP) Fund to work with and through local and private sector partners and build their capacity to deliver services well beyond the life of the program (LOP). CORAF/WECARD will employ a learning-by-doing approach with local and international partners working hand-in-hand under the guidance of CORAF/WECARD staff. To achieve it targets, CORAF/WECARD will rely partly on private sector investment in target value chains and the expansion of value-added processing. It will target smallholder and vulnerable (i.e., female-headed or HIV/AIDS-affected) households through maize, oilseed, legume and horticulture value chains. It will work on improved agricultural productivity, expanding markets and trade and increased private investment in agriculture-related activities. Table 2: CORAF FTF country and crop coverage
West Africa Seeds Project (WASP) WASP’s purpose is to implement activities to promote a commercial seed industry in the West Africa region. Expected activities of WASP include policy development, strengthening the competitiveness of local seed companies and agrodealers/stockists; seed multiplication; improving access from the private sector of improved inputs including seed, fertilizers and pesticides; development of seed production training modules, media campaigns and advocacy efforts; facilitating bank loans, raising social venture capital, and leveraging additional funding; demonstration plots and field days; agrodealer/stockist identification and training in business management, fertilizer use and safe handling and use of pesticides; seed demand creation activities; linking smallholders to inputs and outputs markets through agrodealers/stockists, seed marketing information. The CORAF/WECARD-led WASP project brings together a diverse group of organizations that share the ultimate goal of developing a viable commercial seed industry in West Africa, using seed industry best management practices (BMPs), standards and certification for human safety, environmental protection, and conservation of energy, water, soil, and biodiversity. Directory: repository -> doc doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation doc -> Cancun convention & visitors bureau trends and Economy Report – September 2009 repository -> 8th grade English Language Department Taldykorgan Tasks for Olympiad 8 doc -> Republic of Kosovo Government Ministry of Economic Development doc -> Reporte inteligenicia doc -> Initial environmental examination (iee) and/or categorical exclusion doc -> Aflasafe™ pea amendment for usaid/East Africa February 2015 doc -> Initial environmental examination program/activity data: Program/Activity Number doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation Download 5.7 Mb. Share with your friends:
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