Physical Education Team Building Development Instruction

The object of handball is to score more points than your opponent.

A handball game lasts for a regulation 60 minutes. This is split into two periods of 30 minutes each with a 15 minute interval. For younger players, the period time can be reduced to 20 minutes.

Players & Equipment

The standard handball games features 7 players on each side, six outfield players and one goalkeeper. A team will also have 7 substitutes, which can be used on a rolling basis and with no need to notify the referee.

There is semi-circle area around each goal area, sometimes referred to as the crease or the zone. There is also a dashed semi-circle line which lies 9 metres from goal, which is the free throw line.

The ball must be made from leather or synthetic material and it must be of a size to fit in the hand of a player. This means that there are three regulation sizes of handball. One for over 8s where the ball has a circumference of 50-52 cm, a II for women and males aged 12 to 16 where the ball has a circumference of 54-56cm and a III for males aged 16 and over, with a circumference of 58-60cm.

A handball game can be played with a court, two goals and a ball. Official games will see teams where uniforms.

Scoring

A goal is scored in handball when the ball is thrown into the opponent’s goal.

To win in handball you must score more than your opponent.

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  A match consists of two periods of 30 minutes each.
  
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  Each team consists of 7 players; a goalkeeper and 6 outfield players.
  
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  Outfield players can touch the ball with any part of their body that is above the knee.
  
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  Once a player receives possession, they can pass, hold possession or shoot.
  
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  If a player holds possession, they can dribble or take three steps for up to three seconds without dribbling.
  
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  Only the goalkeeper is allowed to come into contact with the floor of the goal area.
  
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  Goalkeepers are allowed out of the goal area but must not retain possession if they are outside the goal area.
  

Hockey is a game that is played around the world by many countries. Some of the top hockey playing nations includes India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Netherlands and Great Britain. The pinnacle of the sport comes in the form of the Olympics where it has been one of the top attended sports since its reinstating in 1928.

The object of hockey is to hit a ball with a stick into a goal. Every time the ball goes into the goal then a point is awarded to that team. The team with the most goals at the end of the game is awarded the winner. In the event of both teams scoring the same amount of goals then a draw is called.

Each team consist of 11 players. It’s split up into 1 goalkeeper and 10 outfield players. The outfield players will consist of defenders, midfielders and attackers. The amount of each position will vary deepening on the formation that the team adopts. It’s not massively uncommon for a team to have no goalkeeper at the end of game if they are trying to push for a win or a losing the match.

The pitch is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. It has three lines running across the width of the pitch which are two 25 yard lines and a half way line to signify to players the certain sections of the pitch. At each end the pitch will include a goal which is 4 yards wide. Around the goal is a 16 yard line which is the only sections on the pitch that players are permitted to shoot from. A goal scored outside the 16 yard line will not be awarded and the ball turned over.

A hard ball is used in hockey along with each player having a wooden stick. Only the flat side of the stick can be sued and a foul will be called for any player using the back. The stick can be turned around in the players to hit the ball both ways. For protection players wear shin pads and gum shields. Goal keepers wear a lot more padding due to ball flying in their direction more often. A face mask, helmet, padded gloves, chest pad and leg guards are all part of the attire for a goalkeeper. Some players do wear eye and face masks as well.

A goal is scored when a player hits the ball in between the goal posts and over the line from within the 16 yard area. The ball must be struck with the players stick and any use of the body will be called as an infringement.

Goals can be scored from penalty corners which are awarded when a foul is committed in the 16 yard area. From a penalty corner the defending team all line up on their goal line. The attacking team must all be outside the 16 yard area when one player hits the ball to them from 10 yards either side of the goal line. As the ball is played back a team mate stops the ball before another strikes at goal.

Winning the Game

The game is decided by the team with the most goals at the end of the game. Each game lasts for two 35 minute halves with a 5 minute rest in between. In the event of the scores being the same at the end of the 70 minutes then the game will end in a draw.

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  Each team is made up of 11 players and 6 substitutes.
  
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  Every player has a hockey stick of which they can only use one side of the stick to hit the ball.
  
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  A gaol is scored when the ball is successfully hit into the opponent’s goal from within the 16 yard area.
  
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  The ball must be passed or dribbled using the stick and no other body part is allowed to intentionally come into contact with the ball.
  
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  A foul or infringement is called when a player:
  
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    Purposely tries to hit the ball off another player with the intent of causing harm to that player.
    
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    Intentionally uses a body part to assist in moving or stopping the ball.
    
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    Hits the ball with the rounded side of their hockey stick.
    
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    Raise their stick above waist height.
    
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    Hit their stick off their opponents to interfere with play.
    

Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is pitch and a football. Additionally players can be found wearing studded football boots, shin pads and matching strips. The goalkeepers will additionally wear padded gloves as they are the only players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will have a designated captain.

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  A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in between.
  
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  Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper who is the only player allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7 players are needed to constitute a match.
  
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  The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size of pitches is allowed to vary but must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must also be marked with a rectangular shape around the outside showing out of bounds, two six yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a center circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12 yards out of both goals and centre circle must also be visible.
  
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  The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular shape.
  
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  Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions can be made at any time of the match with each team being able to make a maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the event of all three substitutes being made and a player having to leave the field for injury the team will be forced to play without a replacement for that player.
  
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  Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job of the referee to act as time keeper and make any decisions which may need to be made such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added on time at the end of each half. The referee may consult the assistant referees at any time in the match regarding a decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot off side’s in the match (see below), throw ins for either team and also assist the referee in all decision making processes where appropriate.
  
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  If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being level in a match then 30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
  
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  If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take place.
  
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  The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
  
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  For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or red card depending on the severity of the foul; this comes down to the referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning and a red card is a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a player is sent off then they cannot be replaced.
  
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  If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it is given as a throw in. If it goes out of play off an attacking player on the base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off a defending player it is a corner kick.
  

Offside can be called when an attacking player is in front of the last defender when the pass is played through to them. The offside area is designed to discourage players from simply hanging around the opponent’s goal waiting for a pass. To be onside they must be placed behind the last defender when the ball is played to them. If the player is in front of that last defender then he is deemed to be offside and free kick to the defending team will be called.

Basketball dates back as far as 1891 and since then has evolved into a sport played around the world. Many countries have adopted the game such as Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Spain and parts of Asia, but it is America where the biggest and most lucrative league in the world lives: the NBA (National Basketball Association).

The object of basketball is to throw the ball (basketball) into a hoop to score points. The game is played out on a rectangular court and depending on which section of court you successfully throw a ball into the basket will depend on how many points are scored. The ball can be moved around the by dribbling or passing the ball. At the end of the game the team with the most points is declared the winner.

Each team is made up of 12 players with only 5 allowed on the court at any time. The positions are broken up into Point Guard, Defensive Guard, Center, Offensive forward and Defensive Forward. Each player will then take up a position on the court but are allowed to move around as they please.

The court is a rectangular shaped and measures 91 feet long and 50 feet wide. There is a halfway line in which a small circle is found in the centre; this is where the game starts with a tip off (the ball is thrown in the air by the referee and a player from each team tries to win possession for their team). At each end of the court are two baskets both 10 feet in height. A three point arc is the outside ring, whilst in the middle of that is the key which includes a free throw line.

All that is needed to play is a court and basketball. Teams must wear matching strips with some players choosing to wear gum shields and face masks for protection.

The game is split up into 4 twelve minute quarters. In between the 2 nd and 3rd quarter is a 15 minute half time interval.

Scoring

There are three scoring numbers for basketball players. Any basket scored from outside the three point arc will result in three points being scored. Baskets scored within the three point arc will result in two points being scored. Successful free throws will result in 1 point being scored per free throw. The number of free throws will depend on where the foul was committed.

Winning a game of basketball is pretty simple; score more points than your opponents in the allotted game time. If the scores are tied at the end then an extra quarter will be played until a winner is found.

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  Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time. Substitutions can be made as many times as they wish within the game.
  
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  The ball can only be moved by either dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing the ball. Once a player puts two hands on the ball (not including catching the ball) they cannot then dribble or move with the ball and the ball must be passed or shot.
  
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  After the ball goes into a team’s half and they win possession back the ball must then make it back over the half way line within 10 seconds. If the ball fails to do so then a foul will be called and the ball will be turned over.
  
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  Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at the basket. A shot constitutes either going in the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If after the shot is taken and the ball fails to go in the basket then the shot clock is restarted for another 24 seconds.
  
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  The team trying to score a basket is called the offence whilst the team trying to prevent them from scoring is called the defense. The defense must do all they can to stop the offence from scoring by either blocking a shot or preventing a shot from being fired.
  
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  After each successful basket the ball is then turned over to the opposition.
  
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  Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when reached a certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw. A free throw involves one player from the offensive team (the player fouled) to take a shot unopposed from the free throw line. Depending on where the foul was committed will depend on the number free throws a player gets.
  
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  Violations in basketball include travelling (taking more than one step without bouncing the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up dribbling, stopping then dribbling again with two hands), goaltending (a defensive player interferes with the ball travelling downwards towards the basket) and back court violation (once the ball passes the half way line the offensive team cannot take the ball back over the half way line).
  

Baseball is a sport that dates back as far as 1744 and formats of the game have been in place until the modern era today. The game is predominantly big in North America, Canada and Japan. The game is played worldwide with the pinnacle of sport coming from the World Series of Baseball. Ironically this event is only competed by North American teams.

The object of baseball is to score more runs than your opponent. The idea is to hit the ball thrown at you as far as you can before running around 4 bases to complete a run. Once a player manages to get around the four bases before being tagged out then another batter comes in.

A game is played out between two teams each made up of 9 players. The game lasts for 9 innings with each team batting and fielding once in each innings. The scores at the end of the innings are added to a cumulative score and the team with most points wins. Each team has three outs per innings before they then swap roles. Each innings can be broken down into the top (where there away team bats) and the bottom (where the home team bats).

The field is split into two sections; infield and outfield. Separating the infield and outfield is a diamond shape with four bases spaced at 90 feet apart each. In the center of the infield is the pitching mound where the pitcher will stand and throw the ball towards the batter. The better will be stood at home plate. The other three bases are known as first base, second base and third base. The batter must touch all bases before successfully scoring a run.

The bats are made out of either wood, aluminum or metal materials. The ball is white with red stitching and is roughly 3 inches in diameter. The fielding team wears ‘mits’ which are basically an oversized glove to help them catch and pick up the ball. The catcher (stood behind the batter to catch any balls missed) will wear extra padding in their glove along with leg guards, a body pad and helmet.

To score a batter must first strike the ball and make it around all four bases before the fielding team collect the ball and throws into the base they are running too. A player can score a mandatory point if they hit a home run which requires the ball to leave the playing area and often end in the crowd. A player can stop at any base if they feel they might not make the next base before being tagged out.

Players can score multiple points from one hit if more than one player is already on one of the bases. If there is a player on every base then it’s known as the ‘bases are loaded’. Depending on how many players get round to home plate before being tagged will depend on how many points you score. A maximum of four points can be scored on one hit.

Winning the Game

To win a game you must outscore your opposition through the 9 innings played. The team with the most points after 9 innings is deemed the winner. In the event of a tie and extra innings is played until a winner has been concluded.

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  Baseball has two teams of 9 players.
  
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  The fielding team’s positions are made up of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third baseman then three outfielders at left field, center field and right field.
  
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  Games last for 9 innings of which both teams get to bat once. If the game is a tie after 9 innings then an extra innings will be added until a winner is found. If the team batting second in the bottom of the 9th innings are already ahead on points then they do not need to complete their batting innings.
  
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  Once a batting order is picked then it cannot be changed throughout the game. Substitutes are permitted but they must bat where the previous player was batting.
  
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  If the batter manages to hit the ball from the pitcher then they must make an effort to at least get to first base. They can then run to as many bases as they wish before being tagged out. Each base must be touched with some part of the batters body when running past.
  
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  A batter gets up to three strikes before given out. A strike is deemed when a batter swings for a ball and misses it. The batter can leave the ball but if it’s within a certain area called the strike zone then a strike will also be given. If four balls miss the strike zone and the batter does not swing their bat then they can walk to first base.
  
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  When on base the batter can then run to the next base at any point.
  
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  Players can be dismissed by either a strike out (batsmen missing the ball three times), force out (when a player fails to make the base before the defensive player), Fly out (when the ball is hit in the air and caught without it bouncing) and tag outs (where a defensive player with the ball tags the batsmen with the ball whilst they are running). Badminton Rules