Procom Exam: Language is symbolic because it is a vehicle of expression


Expressive – protective dialectic



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Expressive – protective dialectic: Balance between sharing personal information and keeping it private

  • Autonomy – Togetherness dialectic: Balance between ‘me-time’ and ‘we-time’

  • Novelty-Predictability dialectic: Balance between the new and the familiar



      • Relational Development models: (p. 270 – 227)

        1. Filtering theory (Duck’s Attraction Filters): What cause people to be interested to each other, the process (filter) we use to decided if we are attracted to another person

        2. Relational development stages (Knapps’s Relational Development Model): first stage (initiating stage) with secret tests of indirect suggestion to test each other’s commitment: finding ways to get first impression (observing and trying to find ways to open communication channels), second stage: building common ground, beginning to build relationship, mostly small talk….

        3. Social Penetration: Relational depth and Breadth: Core identity inside everyone, people expand relational breadth by sharing more aspects about themselves and communicate about more topics, expanding relational depth with letting partner closer to their core identity



    1. Group Communication: (p. 303 – 344)



      • Helps with three interpersonal needs: 1. Inclusion (establishing Identity by associating with others), 2. Control (important decisions), 3. affection (developing relationships)

      • Nominal group technique: members prepare solutions on their own, then come together and they choose the best solution



    1. Organizational Communication: (p. 346 – 362)

          • An organ with large amount of people who work together in structured system to accomplish multiple goals

      • Stakeholder (Anspruchsgruppen): Group/ individual that can effect/ is affected by achievements of an organization

      • Linkage model (Grunig):

          1. Enabling linkage: Essential for continuity of organization (who put money into it) (ex. shareholders, government etc.)

          2. Functional linkages: input: responsible for daily performance, output: consume products/ services

          3. Normative linkages: Competitors/ allies that gave same interests as organization

          4. Diffused Linkage: No formal relationship (ex. activist, public)



      • Characteristics of Organizations:


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