input/output tables for the various life cycle phases

• 
  Spoil material
  
• 
  Effluent
  

• 
  Dewatering
  
• 
  Construction, and
  
• 
  Sewage
  

• 
  Waste
  

• 
  Construction
  
• 
  Domestic
  

• 
  Construction Activities
  

• 
  Excavations
  
• 
  Dewatering
  

• 
  Building materials and construction machinery
  
• 
  Capital
  
• 
  Jobs
  

• 
  Construction
  
• 
  Component manufacture
  

• 
  Plant and equipment
  
• 
  Housing
  
• 
  Professional, commercial and social services (e.g. medical, schools, banking, postal, telecoms, shops, potable water, emergency services, road etc.)
  
• 
  Transmission upgrades
  

• 
  Noise from construction activities
  
• 
  Emissions/dust
  
• 
  Stimulation of local/regional economy (temporary)
  
• 
  Communicable disease
  
• 
  Increased traffic
  
• 
  Complete module
  

1.9.2Commissioning Phase : Input/Output Diagramme

A two stages commissioning procedure will be followed, namely:

• 
  Cold Commissioning : The Plant will be run without any nuclear fuel. This procedure will test the integrity and functionality of the
  

• 
  Hot Commissioning : The Plant is loaded with nuclear fuel and the nuclear reaction is initiated. Thereafter the Plant is monitored
  

INPUT OUTPUT

(about 6 to 9 months)

1.9.3Operational Phase : Input/Output Diagramme

Table 9: Operational Phase Input/Output Parameters (Duration 40 Years)

The in- and outputs of this phase resembles that of the Hot Commissioning phase except for the quantum of in- and outputs

INPUT OPERATIONAL/MAINTENANCE PHASE OUTPUT

• 
  Nuclear fuel
  
• 
  Graphite spheres
  
• 
  Helium gas
  

• 
  Electricity (Sales)
  
• 
  Spent fuel
  
• 
  Emissions (helium)
  
• 
  Radioactive waste
  
  • 
    Gaseous
    
  • 
    Liquid
    
  • 
    Solid (filters, clothing)
    

OPERATION

(about 40 years)

• 
  Sea Water
  
• 
  Potable Water
  

• 
  Labour
  

• 
  Domestic Waste
  

• 
  Solid
  
• 
  Liquid
  
• 
  Redundant parts/Components
  

• 
  Thermal Effluent
  

• 
  Data on radiological effects on staff and environment
  

OPERATIONAL

&

MAINTENANCE PHASE

• 
  Finance
  
• 
  Institutional Support e.g. NNR, Eskom, local authorities, contractors, provincial authorities (schools, health, education, etc) professional services
  

• 
  Replacement parts
  
  • 
    Non-Radiological
    
  • 
    Radiological (e.g. filters)
    
• 
  Graphite column of the reactor
  
• 
  MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENT & STAFF
  

MAINTENANCE
(about 1 week per year of operation)

1.9.4 Decommissioning Phase: Input/Output Diagramme

Table 10: Decommissioning Phase : Input/Output Parameters (Duration About 1 Year)

• 
  Reduced services are provided during the decommissioning phase
  
• 
  Detailed plans and options are developed for the dismantling of the Plant
  

INPUT DECOMMISSIONING PHASE OUTPUT

• 
  Cooling Water
  

• 
  Environmental Monitoring
  

• 
  Labour
  
  • 
    Security
    
  • 
    Professional
    

• 
  Finance
  

• 
  Energy (Electricity)
  

• 
  Replacement parts
  

• 
  Clean-up of MPS & Reactor
  

• 
  Spent fuel (final load out)
  
• 
  Radiological waste - Solid
  
• 
  (LLRW & ILRW) - Liquid
  

• 
  Data on environmental quality
  

• 
  Retrenchment/pensioned/re-employed staff
  

• 
  Redundant equipment/components/parts
  

• 
  Domestic waste
  

DECOMMISSIONING PHASE

(about 1 year)

Note: The Design of the Plant is such that it can safely remain in idle state for a prolonged period while radioactive wastes decay
LLRW = Low Level Radioactive Waste

ILRW = Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

1.9.5Dismantling Phase : Input/Output Diagramme

Table 11: Dismantling Phase : Input/Output Parameters (Duration 1 – 2 Years)

• 
  This phase will entail the removal of all equipment (radiological and non-radiological)
  

• 
  Only essential equipment and services will remain in order to manage the security and safety of the spent fuel
  

• 
  This phase resembles the Construction Phase in the reverse e.g. equipment is removed, irradiated parts are decontaminated and building structures are demolished as needed and disposed of.
  

INPUT DISMANTLING PHASE OUTPUT

• 
  Labour
  

• 
  Finance
  

• 
  Construction Activities
  

• 
  Construction Equipment
  

• 
  Cooling Water
  

• 
  Energy (Electricity)
  

• 
  Environmental Monitoring
  

• 
  Domestic Waste
  

• 
  Radiological (LLRW & ILRW) and construction waste
  

• 
  Dust and Noise
  

• 
  Data on environmental quality
  

DISMANTLING PHASE
(actual time for this phase may range from 1 – 2 years)



Note : The spent fuel components can be maintained for a prolonged period after decommissioning, even if the final deposition High Level Radioactive Waste (HLRW) repository is not available.

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