The North African international markets have shown significant growth, especially in routes involving Libya and Morocco. There are 10 country pairs in North Africa served, with no significant change in city pairs for many years. Competitiveness in the top routes, however, has somewhat declined, with the exception of the route between Egypt and Libya. There are only five leading carriers: EgyptAir (the leader with 627,000 seats in 2007), Royal Air Maroc (578,000 seats), Jamahiryan Libyan Arab Airlines (440,000 seats), TunisAir (310,000 seats), and Air Algerie (35,000 seats). Though competitiveness overall has declined in these markets, no airline enjoys a monopoly on any route. The market can be best summarized as shown in table 1.5 in Appendix I. The overall quality of airlines in North Africa is deemed to generally be the best in Africa, with a well-developed network, and established, stable carriers.
At the same time, however, connectivity points to a much deeper concern (having reduced within Sub-Saharan Africa) with the number of country pairs served declining from 218 to 190 in the same period, a net loss of 28 pairs. The collapse of several airlines, including Air Afrique and Nigeria Airways, can be attributed as the cause.6 North Africa held steady at 10 country pairs, with a 6.5 percent growth rate between 2004 and 2007.
Table 1.5 International travel within Africa. Though there has been growth, the drop in city pairs served in Sub-Saharan Africa is significant.
|
International Travel With
|
Est. Seat KMs 2001 (millions)
|
Est. Seat KMs 2004 (millions)
|
Est. Seat KMs 2007 (millions)
|
Country Pairs Feb 01
|
Country Pairs Nov 07
|
Net Change Pairs
|
Overall Growth
|
Annualized Growth 2001-2007
|
Annualized Growth 2004-2007
|
within SSA
|
16,265.7
|
18,271.6
|
22,925.9
|
218
|
190
|
-28
|
40.9%
|
5.9%
|
7.9%
|
within NA
|
1,757.3
|
1,876.7
|
3,182.9
|
10
|
10
|
0
|
81.1%
|
10.4%
|
19.3%
|
SSA with NA
|
2,643.4
|
3,610.7
|
7,226.9
|
30
|
45
|
15
|
173.4%
|
18.2%
|
26.0%
|
Total
|
20,666.4
|
23,759.1
|
33,335.7
|
258
|
245
|
-13
|
61.3%
|
8.3%
|
12.0%
|
|
Source: Analysis on data provided by Seabury ADG
|
Table 1.6 Top 15 airports in Sub-Saharan Africa serving international travel within Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 40 percent of the capacity is concentrated among four airports.
|
Country
|
City/airport
|
Airport ID
|
Estimated seats 2007 (‘000)
|
Overall
percent
|
South Africa
|
Johannesburg
|
JNB
|
5,742
|
20.0
|
Kenya
|
Nairobi
|
NBO
|
2,901
|
10.1
|
Ethiopia
|
Addis Ababa
|
ADD
|
1,706
|
6.0
|
Nigeria
|
Lagos
|
LOS
|
1,157
|
4.0
|
Senegal
|
Dakar
|
DKR
|
986
|
3.4
|
Zambia
|
Lusaka
|
LUN
|
959
|
3.4
|
Uganda
|
Entebbe
|
EBB
|
954
|
3.3
|
Zimbabwe
|
Harare
|
HRE
|
828
|
2.9
|
Ghana
|
Accra
|
ACC
|
813
|
2.8
|
Namibia
|
Windhoek
|
WDH
|
791
|
2.8
|
Tanzania
|
Dar Es Salaam
|
DAR
|
749
|
2.6
|
Côte d’Ivoire
|
Abidjan
|
ABJ
|
717
|
2.5
|
Mauritius
|
Mauritius
|
MRU
|
544
|
1.9
|
Angola
|
Luanda
|
LAD
|
484
|
1.7
| Figure 1.9 shows the top 60 international routes within Sub-Saharan Africa. The east clearly has the more developed network, anchored in South Africa, Kenya, and Ethiopia. West and Central Africa have significant gaps created by the loss of capacity from failed carriers between 2001 and 2004.
The main hubs today are Johannesburg, South Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These airports comprise 36 percent of all international traffic within Africa (see table 1.6 for further details). As with Western hub systems, these airports exist with a dominant airline residing at each of the hubs—South African Airways, Kenya Airways, and Ethiopian Airlines respectively. These airlines provide 33 percent, 70 percent, and 83 percent of international traffic related to these airports.
Source: Analysis on data provided by Seabury ADG
Box 1.3 Air Afrique
|
Air Afrique was formed in 1961 as an African carrier headquartered in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, owned by 12 West African countries, Air France, the Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT), and the Société pour le Développement du Transport Aérien en Afrique (SODETRAF). The airline went from piston-engined propeller operations to wide bodies such as the Airbus 310 in the eighties.
Just as with flag carriers, the airline became a regional symbol of pride and independence. But, quality of service was sometimes compromised even in the best of times, when, for example, reservation systems collapsed, making seat assignments impossible. In the last days, passengers were faced with increased strandings. Claims are that prioritization of seating had often been given out to nonrevenue passengers of importance, and that schedule integrity had diminished. Efforts by the airline’s president to restructure the airline in 2001 through cutting jobs were vehemently opposed by its employees, who at one point refused to fly an airplane with the president on board. The airline collapsed in 2001 after being sold to private investors and Air France for $69 million, with debts of $ 500 million. Much of the debt was accumulated when the CFA Franc collapsed in the 1990s. Governance issues are also commonly cited as a cause for the fall. When the airline finally ceased operating, there were a reported 4,200 employees, with only seven aircraft flying.
Beside African destinations the airline also flew to the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. Air Afrique’s collapse removed a capacity of nearly 5 billion seat kilometers as measured for 2001, which is similar in magnitude to a carrier such as Kenya Airways suddenly disappearing.
|
Figure 1.9 Top 60 international routes within Sub-Saharan Africa
|
|
Source: Analysis on data provided by Seabury ADG
Note: The highest activity is in the East.
|
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